Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from Cassia alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management
2025
Sue-Kei Lee | Jing-Wen Keng | Jessica-Ai-Lyn Yon | Chun-Wai Mai | Heng-Chee Lim | Sek-Chuen Chow | Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah | Kai Bin Liew | Siew-Keah Lee | Philip J. Marriott | Yik-Ling Chew
To study Cassia alata (CA) (Linnaeus) Roxburgh&rsquo:s effectiveness towards atopic dermatitis (AD), CA leaf extracts were prepared using three methanol-based extraction solvent systems. Bioactive constituents were characterized and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, a major AD exacerbation factor, were assessed. Four polyphenols (two flavonoids, two anthraquinones) beneficial in AD control were detected (rhein >: aloe-emodin >: astragalin >: kaempferol). The 75% v/v MeOH/water extract had the most polyphenols and the best antioxidant profile (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate radical scavenging activity, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity), with excellent S. aureus inhibition (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.625 mg/mL: minimum bactericidal concentration = 1.25 mg/mL). Hence, it was selected for the in vitro examination of cytotoxicity and wound healing activity towards human epidermal keratinocyte cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and wound scratch assay. The extract showed no cytotoxicity (IC50 >: 100 µ:g/mL) without significant reduction in cell viability up to 200 µ:g/mL compared to the vehicle control. An amount of 50 &mu:g/mL extract concentration showed the best wound-healing activity (p <: 0.05), with a cell migration rate of 5.89 ±: 0.80 µ:m/h over 96 h post-treatment. Such antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities suggest CA and its polyphenols to be promising natural, long-term AD remedies for skin health.
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