FTIR-Based Microplastic Classification: A Comprehensive Study on Normalization and ML Techniques
2025
Octavio Villegas-Camacho | Iván Francisco-Valencia | Roberto Alejo-Eleuterio | Everardo Efrén Granda-Gutiérrez | Sonia Martínez-Gallegos | Daniel Villanueva-Vásquez
This study examines the potential of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques for classifying microplastics using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Six commonly used industrial plastics (PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS) were analyzed. A significant contribution of this research is the use of broader and more varied spectral ranges than those typically reported in the state of the art. Furthermore, the impact of different normalization techniques (Min-Max, Max-Abs, Sum of Squares, and Z-Score) on classification accuracy was evaluated. The study assessed the performance of ML algorithms, such as k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), support vector machines (SVM), naive Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), and artificial neural networks architectures (including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and multilayer perceptrons (MLPs)). Models were trained and validated using the FTIR-PLASTIC-c4 dataset with a 10-fold cross-validation approach to ensure robustness. The results showed that Z-score normalization significantly improved stability and generalization across most models, with CNN, MLP, and RF achieving near-perfect values in accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. In contrast, the sum of squares normalization was less effective, particularly for CNNs, due to its sensitivity to scale and data distribution. Notably, naive Bayes consistently underperformed because of its limitations in analyzing complex spectral data. The findings highlight the effectiveness of FTIR spectra with broad and variable ranges for the automated classification of microplastics using ML techniques, along with appropriate normalization methods.
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