Characterization of Per- and/or Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Reclaimed Water in Three Arizona Communities
2025
Kalealani M. Gurfield | Madeline G. Molzahn | Jack Welchert | Vasiliki Karanikola | Jani C. Ingram
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of manufactured organic chemicals that are widely employed for their heat-, oil-, and water-resistant properties. Studies have shown that the bioaccumulation of PFASs in living organisms and their related health effects are sufficient for classifying them as a group of toxicants worthy of great concern and further study. While PFASs travel through the air and soil, their contamination of water pathways proves to be the most common route for exposure. We analyzed PFASs from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) throughout Arizona to show that, despite treatment efforts, they persist as contaminants in water sources. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1633, seasonally obtained field samples were prepared for analysis through liquid chromatography&ndash:tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 24 samples were taken at different stages of the treatment process to assess the proficiency of the removal processes during remediation. Duplicate samples were each taken from Tucson&rsquo:s WWTP and Flagstaff&rsquo:s WWTP before and after chlorination, and from three sites in Yuma County, upstream effluent, downstream effluent, and WWTP, before chlorination. From the samples obtained in Yuma, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid were detected but at levels below their limits of quantification. PFBS was detected at the Yuma and Tucson WWTP at levels up to 4.52 ng/L and 73.53 ng/L, respectively. The samples obtained from Flagstaff&rsquo:s WWTP were below the instrument level of detection and, therefore, characterized as non-detects.
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