Fusarium Head Blight in Barley from Subtropical Southern Brazil: Associated <i>Fusarium</i> Species and Grain Contamination Levels of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol
Emanueli Bizarro Furtado | Eduardo Guatimosim | Danielle Ribeiro de Barros | Carlos Augusto Mallmann | Jeronimo Vieira de Araujo Filho | Sabrina de Oliveira Martins | Dauri José Tessmann | Cesar Valmor Rombaldi | Luara Medianeira de Lima Schlösser | Adriana Favaretto | Leandro José Dallagnol
Fusarium head blight in barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) reduces grain yield and can lead to the accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in grains. We surveyed <i>Fusarium</i> species and evaluated DON and NIV concentrations in barley grains in four regions of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state in subtropical Brazil. Seven <i>Fusarium</i> species were identified: <i>F. asiaticum</i>, <i>F. avenaceum</i>, <i>F. cortaderiae</i>, <i>F. graminearum</i>, <i>F. gerlachii</i>, <i>F. meridionale</i> and <i>F. poae</i>. DON (0 to 10,200 µg/kg) and NIV (0 to 1630 µg/kg) were detected in 74% and 70% of the samples, respectively, with higher concentrations found in experimental fields. However, in commercial barley fields, most samples fell below 2000 µg/kg of DON, which is the maximum limit allowed by Brazilian legislation for grains intended for processing. The seasonality of temperature and precipitation influenced mycotoxin concentrations. Therefore, the variability of <i>Fusarium</i> species in Rio Grande do Sul and a high incidence of DON and NIV in barley grains highlight the complexity of this pathosystem. This variability of <i>Fusarium</i> species may also influence the effectiveness of measures to control the disease, particularly in relation to genetic resistance and fungicide application.
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