Broker farmers as catalysts for agroecological innovation inorphan crops: Insights from plantain farming systems in Guadeloupe

Purpose: While the structure and functions of agricultural innovation systems have been extensively described for dominant crops, little is known for orphan crops even though they are keys to agroecological transitions. Based on the example of plantain in Guadeloupe, this article examines the characteristics of networks of actors and organizations that favor the use of agroecological practices. Methods: A mixed research method that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis was applied to the survey data to identify and characterize (i) networks of actors and organizations that have promoted agroecological practices and (ii) their functions in the networks. Finding: Two main types of networks were identified according to the type of central actors (e.g. farmers) or central organizations (e.g. extension services or the banana cooperative) and the practices they promote. Our results showed that central organizations do not always fulfill expected functions. This leads to a disconnect between the structure of the AIS and the functions required for innovation processes, limiting the use of agroecological practices. To tackle this shortcoming, informal networks are set up by farmers that foster a strong agroecological transition. Practical implications: The role of extension advisors should evolve from providing top-down knowledge to that of a facilitator to enable peer-to-peer learning. Theorical implications: Agroecological practices are being adopted in both formal and informal networks thanks to broker farmers. In that sense, since they are intertwined, formal and informal networks can be used to support the diffusion of innovations and to promote the agroecological transition. Originality: This paper contributes to understanding the specific role played by formal and informal networks in agroecological transitions of farms that cultivate orphan crops.