An environmental, economic and nutrient index for milk and plant-based beverages in South Africa

Sustainable decision-making in the food sector is critical in addressing global challenges, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and malnutrition. Particularly, the milk and plant-based beverage sectors lack a comprehensive sustainability index tailored to assess economic, nutritional, and environmental impacts. We developed a specialised sustainability model for milk and plant-based beverages, adaptable to different countries. The Dairy Index for Environment, Economics, and Nutrition (DiEET) revealed that bovine milk scored 3.67 (nutritional), 0.161 (environmental), and 1.543 (economic); almond beverages scored 1.55, 0.172, and 1.103; soy beverages scored 2.21, 0.193, and 1.277; and oat beverages scored 1.204, 0.165, and 1. 083. These findings highlight the need to balance nutrition, economic viability, and environmental sustainability in food choices. The model, based on scientific data and requiring minimal user input, provides a practical tool for stakeholders to assess and compare sustainability across products. By enabling informed decision-making, this study promotes a more sustainable future, advocating for practices that consider all dimensions of sustainability in the food sector. Continuous refinement and validation of the model are essential to maintain its relevance amidst evolving data and industry practices, ensuring its effectiveness in guiding stakeholders towards sustainable dietary choices. SIGNIFICANCE : This study provides a comprehensive sustainability index for milk and plant-based beverages, addressing critical gaps in current assessments. By integrating environmental, economic, and nutritional indicators, the DiEET offers a holistic approach to evaluating food products. The findings highlight the trade-offs between nutritional quality, economic viability, and environmental impact, emphasising the need for balanced decision-making in agricultural production. This model serves as a practical tool for stakeholders, promoting consumer education and guiding industry practices towards sustainability. Its application can enhance sustainability evaluations and contribute to global efforts in monitoring sustainable development goals.