Use of <i>Trichoderma</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>, and <i>Rhizopus</i> Fungi for the Biological Production of Hydrolytic Enzymes and Uronic Acids from <i>Sargassum</i> Biomass
Cristina Agabo-García | Muhammad Nur Cahyanto | Widiastuti Setyaningsih | Luis I. Romero-García | Carlos J. Álvarez-Gallego | Ana Blandino
The objective of this study was the evaluation of fungal solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the production of alginate lyase and extraction of uronic acids from <i>Sargassum</i> sp. For this purpose, the fungi <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i>, <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i>, and <i>Rhizopus oryzae</i> were applied (alone or combined) to <i>Sargassum</i> sp. biomass through SSF (10<sup>7</sup> spores g<sub>biomass</sub><sup>−1</sup>, 30 °C, and 7 days of treatment). In general, individual SSF with all three fungi degraded the biomass, achieving a marked synergy in the production of cellulase, laminarinase, and alginate lyase activities (especially for the last one). <i>Trichoderma</i> was the most efficient species in producing laminarinase, whereas <i>Rhizophus</i> was the best option for producing alginate lyase. However, when dual combinations were tested, the maximal values of alginate lyase activities were reached (13.4 ± 0.2 IU g<sub>biomass</sub><sup>−1</sup> for <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> and <i>Rhizopus oryzae</i>). Remarkably, uronic acids were the main monomeric units from algal biomass solubilization, achieving a maximum yield of 14.4 mg<sub>uronic</sub> g<sub>biomass</sub><sup>−1</sup>, with the A + R condition being a feasible, eco-friendly alternative to chemical extraction of this monomer. Additionally, the application of all the fungal pretreatments drastically decreased the total phenolic content (TPC) in the biomass from 369 mg L<sup>−1</sup> to values around 44–84 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, minimizing the inhibition for possible subsequent biological processes in which the residual solid can be used.
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