Phyto- and Zooplankton Diversity Under Land Use and Water Quality Dynamics in the Jialing River, China

Understanding the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity is crucial for effective conservation in riverine ecosystems. However, the direct and indirect mechanisms by which land use patterns and water quality parameters influence plankton &alpha:- and &beta:-diversity remain poorly elucidated. Here, we undertook a comprehensive survey of plankton communities across the Jialing River basin. Our results showed that Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta were the dominant phytoplankton groups, whereas Protozoa and Copepoda predominated among zooplankton. Redundancy analysis identified dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus as key environmental factors shaping plankton community structure. Additionally, random forest models indicated that anthropogenic stressors exerted consistent effects on both &alpha:- and &beta:-diversity of phytoplankton. Importantly, the decomposition of &beta:-diversity revealed that species turnover constituted the major component, underscoring the importance of basin-scale management approaches. Structural equation modeling further demonstrated that land use practices predominantly affected phytoplankton &beta:-diversity indirectly via water quality alterations, with a relatively weak direct effect. In contrast, neither the direct nor indirect effects of land use were significant for zooplankton communities. These findings suggest that phytoplankton may serve as more reliable bioindicators of anthropogenic disturbance than zooplankton in this freshwater system. Moreover, our findings highlight the central role of water quality in regulating phytoplankton diversity responses to environmental change. Consequently, we recommend that conservation strategies in the Jialing River basin focus on water quality monitoring and the mitigation of its ecological effects.