Continuous Monitoring of Cropland Abandonment in China Since the 21st Century: Interpreting Spatiotemporal Trajectories and Characteristics

Farmland abandonment poses a significant threat to China&rsquo:s food security by contributing to inefficient land use. Utilizing remote sensing data and the multiple cropping index extraction method, this study extracts abandonment cropland information and analyzes its spatiotemporal patterns across China, with its findings validated against the &ldquo:China Rural Revitalization Survey&rdquo: (CRRS) data. The results indicate that since the 21st century, China&rsquo:s cropland abandonment rate has fluctuated around 5.86%, affecting an average of 7.6 million hectares annually. Spatially, cropland abandonment is more severe in southern China, with hotspots clustered around 25&deg: N and 30&deg: N latitudes. This southward shift exacerbates the spatial mismatch between water resources and cropland. Furthermore, abandonment is particularly pronounced in grain production&mdash:marketing balance areas and main marketing areas, intensifying pressure on national food self-sufficiency. Slope and fragmentation also drive abandonment, with steeper (&gt:15&deg:) and more fragmented plots showing higher susceptibility. These complex patterns are uncovered through the study&rsquo:s systematic innovations&mdash:a dual-indicator quantification method, a multi-source validation framework, a dynamic spatiotemporal atlas, and a novel interpretation of abandonment multifunctionality, which also positions farmland reuse as a buffer against unemployment risks. We thus recommend addressing land fragmentation as a core strategy, through high-standard farmland construction, innovative contract rights certification, and expanded agricultural socialized services to promote moderate-scale farming. Finally, we urge the adoption of region-specific and category-based recultivation approaches, supported by clear governance priorities.