Studies describing antagonistic activity and disease resistance efficacy of potential probiotics towards lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus piscium, and Lactococcus raffinolactis are limited. Most studies have focused on lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and less attention has been paid to Bacillus probiotics or other gram-positive or gram-negative members. Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Enterococcus are the most common genera of LAB tested towards L. garvieae either in in vitro or in vivo assays, and the obtained results are promising. Although strains of Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Vibrio genera have shown antibacterial activity against L. garvieae, further work is required to confirm such inhibition activity, particularly by disease resistance bioassays. recently, gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria strains have demonstrated antimicrobial inhibition towards L. garvieae in postbiotics, but details of their mode of action warranted further studies. This review addresses the probiotic therapy for lactococcosis in aquaculture and discusses the present gaps.

Background: Septic arthritis affects ruminant welfare because, if left untreated, it can cause chronic pain and limit the mobility of affected joints.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the clinical and pathological changes in arthritic bovine calves. Methods: The study was conducted on 12 calves with swollen knees or carpal joints. All calves were evaluated through clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examination. Peripheral blood was aspirated from each to assess hematobiochemical changes. Synovial fluid and infected swab samples were subjected to bacteriological analysis, and a synovial biopsy was taken for histological examination. Results: Ultrasound revealed inflammatory effusions with various echogenicity in the afflicted joint capsule, while radiography showed remarkable swelling of joints and surrounding structures and the development of new bone. Regarding hematological variables, the value of total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate significantly (P<0.05) increased in septic arthritic calves compared to healthy calves. In the arthritis group, the serum concentration of alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase was considerably (P<0.05) higher than in healthy calves. The total protein and urea values were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in calves with infected arthritis. From the synovial fluid and purulent discharge of the joints, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were isolated. Histopathology of synovial tissue revealed chronic suppurative inflammation with intense hyperplasia of joint synovium.Conclusion: The results of this study may aid veterinarians in effectively diagnosing and treating septic arthritis in calves.

Background: The immune system of the dromedary has remained a subject that has not been extensively researched in immunology. Researchers in morphology and immunology have long sought to delve into the structure and function of the dromedary’s immune system to gain a deeper understanding of its mechanisms and potential applications in human and animal health.Objectives: This study aims to elucidate the histological architecture and cellular composition of the lymph nodes in the indigenous dromedary breed of the El Oued region in Algeria and to compare the results with those of prior investigations of lymph node structures in other mammalian species.Methods: Hematoxylin, eosin stain, and Masson’s trichrome stain techniques were used for histological analysis. In contrast, methylene blue, eosin, and May-Grünwald Giemsa staining techniques were used for cytological analysis. The study data were collected and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the histological and cellular features of the lymph nodes.Results: Our study revealed that the lymphatic follicles in the dromedary’s lymph nodes have a higher concentration of lymphocytes within the follicles’ germinal center than other species. The lymph nodes were observed to be divided into conglomerates. The cytological study showed that the major cellular population consisted of lymphocytes, followed by macrophages and reticulocytes according to the localization and the functional zone.Conclusion: The study provided novel insights into the architecture and cellular composition of the lymph nodes of dromedaries, distinct from those of other species. These findings may have implications for the understanding and treatment of immune-related conditions in dromedaries.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated negative association of anogenital distance (AGD) with fertility in dairy cows; however, the mechanism of inverse relationship is not completely understood. In this regard, post-partum uterine infections and their corresponding risk factors could diminish fertility of cows, yet there has been no research exploring the relationship between AGD and postpartum disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between AGD and postpartum reproduc-tive performance in dairy cows. METHODS: AGD of Holstein dairy cows of a commercial dairy herd (n = 290) was measured in millimeter at the first postpartum examination (days 28 to 32 postpartum). The cows were classified into three categories based on the AGD length, including short (20% of cows with lowest values), intermediate (60% of cows with moderate values) and long (20% of cows with highest values) AGDs. Additionally, data of postpartum reproductive variables were retrieved form the herd database. Data was analyzed using SAS software version 9.4. RESULTS: The rate of dystocia, twinning, retention of fetal membranes, puerperal metritis and clinical endome-tritis, calf birth weight, and days to first service did not differ among the various AGD categories (P>0.05). However, proportion of male offspring was lower in the short AGD cows than intermediate and long AGD cows (P<0.05). Furthermore, the first service conception rate was greater in the intermediate anogenital distance group than short and long anogenital distance groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the present study showed suboptimal first postpartum conception rate in the cows with minimal and maximal length of anogenital distance and indicated that this inferior fertility was not mediated through alteration in the rate of postpartum reproductive disorders

BACKGROUND: The ossicles comprise three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) known as the smallest bones in the body that play an essential role in transmitting sound to the inner ear. OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to compare the structure of the middle ear in native sheep and cattle. METHODS: To study the details of middle ear ossicles in Lori sheep (n=5) and native cattle (n=5), bio-anatomical parameters of the malleus, incus, and stapes ossicles were measured. Animals were male and adult. In this study, the ossicles were carefully described by the appropriate devices, and after separation, the ossicles were measured using a caliper and digital scales. Bio-anatomical changes were evaluated under magnification provided by stere-omicroscope. RESULTS: The cow's middle-ear ossicles differed from those of sheep in some details. The results revealed obvi-ous differences in length, width, and thickness of malleus, incus, and stapes in cows compared to sheep. However, further differences were observed in the malleus compared to the other two ossicles when the ossicles of the two species were evaluated. After examining the two studied species, the least difference was observed between the ossicles of the two animals in the stapes. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, this study could compare middle ear ossicles between sheep and native cattle in the Shahrekord province. Anyway, it is conceivable that the biometric sizes of the middle ear ossicles may be af-fected by animal species

BACKGROUND: Kefir is a fermented milk product containing some anticarcinogenic organic compounds with nutritional benefits, which made it one of the natural dairy beverages extensively consumed. OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to assess the effect of two selective probiotics on the values of acidic criteria and probiotic survival in the kefir produced in this study. METHODS: In the first step, the cow milk, preheated at 90oC for 5 min, was inoculated with the commercial starter and divided into two groups. They were complemented with L. acidophilus LA-5 and L. paracasei 431 and incu-bated at 30oC for 6 h. They were then preserved at refrigerated temperature up to 14 days and then sampling was carried out to evaluate the changes of values of organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid), pH, titratable acidity and survival of probiotic complemented bacteria on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days. RESULTS: The pH values of L. acidophilus LA-5 and L. paracasei 431 were 4.34 and 4.36 at the beginning of the cold storage and reached 4.27 and 4.31 at day 14. The acidity of L. acidophilus LA-5-complemented kefir on the 1st day was 0.80 gr/100 gr higher than L. paracasei 431-complemented kefir which showed 0.72 gr/100 gr. Lactic acid was ranging from 1.57 to 2.40 gr/100 mL or 2.17 to 2.42 gr/100 mL (from the 1st to the 14th day) in the kefirs complemented with L. acidophilus LA-5 and L. paracasei 431, respectively. In the kefirs complemented with L. acidophilus LA-5 and L. paracasei 431, the acetic acid was stable (from 0.11 to 0.13 gr/100 mL) during 14 days but increased in the later (from 0.11 to 0.23 gr/100 mL) .The survival of both bacteria was higher than 7 logs CFU/gr in the kefir. CONCLUSIONS: Adding L. acidophilus LA-5 and L. paracacei 431 can moderate the acidity of the kefir and extend the survival of complementary probiotics at a standard level during two weeks of cold preservation.

Decision making for sustainable development must be reviewed based on the new insights into Infection and immunity and the impacts of mathematical modeling on vaccination and disease control. Regarding to important role of immune genes in disease resistance and controlling production traits, immunogenetics parameters should be considered in modeling for disease control. Investigating the polymorphism as well as associations and linkages to traits in native animals, as a genetic resource of our country, would be worthwhile and can be used in future native breeding programs.Decision making for sustainable development must be reviewed based on the new insights into Infection and immunity and the impacts of mathematical modeling on vaccination and disease control. Regarding to important role of immune genes in disease resistance and controlling production traits, immunogenetics parameters should be considered in modeling for disease control. Investigating the polymorphism as well as associations and linkages to traits in native animals, as a genetic resource of our country, would be worthwhile and can be used in future native breeding programs.

BACKGROUND: Oxaliplatin (OX) is the third-generation platinum anticancer drug used to treat various types of cancers. Although oxaliplatin has a renal metabolism, the evaluation of its nephrotoxicity is limited. OBJECTIVES: This study describes the morphometry of mouse kidneys using stereology following OX treatment. METHODS: Twenty Balb/C healthy male adult mice were divided into two groups. The mice from group 1 re-ceived 3 mg/kg oxaliplatin three times a week for 21 days, and in group 2 the mice were injected with saline. The left kidneys were used to measure the kidney volume, the volume fraction of cortex and medulla, glomerular vol-ume, glomerular mean volume, glomerular number, epithelial volume, and length of the proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubules. RESULTS: No significant differences in total kidney volume, the volume of cortex, and medulla were observed between control and experimental animals (P≥0.05). No differences were observed in either epithelial volume of PCT and DCT or total length of PCT and DCT between the control and experimental group (P≥0.05). The glomer-ular volume fraction, total glomerular volume, mean glomerular volume, and glomerular number did not differ between control and the treated animals (P≥0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results did not demonstrate any deleterious effect of OX in the mentioned dose on kidney structure in mice. These findings may help infer contradictory outcomes of different studies in this field and promote future investigations.

BACKGROUND: Germinated Barely and Earth Apple were used as a source of prebiotic to enhance fish health and welfare. OBJECTIVES: The effect of adding different levels of both germinated barley and earth apple powders in Cypri-nus carpio diets was evaluated. METHODS: First Diet (Control diet free of any additives), diets in treatments of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 with 2.5, 5, and 7.5 gr/kg diet of each of barley and earth apple powders respectively on an equivalent basis of protein. RESULTS: T4 with 7.5 gr Earth apple was higher significantly (P≤0.05) in Gill index. T5 with 2.5 gr Barley was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the Kidney index. Spleen somatic index was higher in all treatments except for T2 and T4. T2 and T5 were significantly higher in the Hepatosomatic index. Using germinated barely and earth apple powder in intestine indices either weight or length, the T7 with 7.5 gr Barley has more impact on the fish intestine. T3 with 5 gr Earth apple was higher significantly (P≤0.05) in each meat index in terms of Fish weight without viscera and Fish weight without viscera &amp; head. CONCLUSIONS: Earth Apple powder as a source of prebiotic enhances the health parameters in biological pa-rameters (P≤0.05).

BACKGROUND: Nanoparticles are popular carriers for gene therapy and drug delivery. Their low toxicity effects, as well as their ability to accumulate and enter mammalian cells, illustrate their importance. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of molybdenum trioxide nano-particles on liver structure and function. METHODS: Thirty-five adult Wistar rats were studied and placed in five groups. The control group took any drug, the solvent group received normal saline, and groups 3, 4, and 5 received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles (MoO3 NPs), respectively, by intraperitoneal injection for 35 days. In the end, serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, T3, T4, TSH, and VLDL were investigated. Moreover, liver tissue was evaluated in terms of morphometrical, histological, histochemical, and image analysis. The Hematoxylin-Eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and Periodic Acid Schiff staining methods were utilized for liver tissue evaluation. RESULTS: The results showed that molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles significantly increased serum levels of the liver enzymes and thyroid hormones and decreased TSH in MoO3 NPs groups compared with control and solvent groups. Also, histomorphometric and histochemical evaluation and image analysis of liver tissue indicated adverse effects of MoO3 NPs on liver tissue. They showed that the accumulation of carbohydrates in hepatocytes was de-creased, and collagen fibers stained by Masson's Trichrome staining were increased in MoO3 NPs groups. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that nanoparticles such as MoO3 NPs affect and damage the histological structure of the hepatocytes. Also, MoO3 NPs can alter serum levels of liver enzymes by affecting and damaging hepatocytes.