In total, 50 Rhizobium isolates were isolated from the mature root nodules of common beans plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in different nine governorates of Egypt. PHB was optimized by the identified strain using response surface methodology. A total of 11 parameters (pH, incubation period, inoculum size, temperature, agitation speed, mannitol, sucrose, yeast extract, glycine, K2HPO4, and MgSO4) were analyzed for their significant effects on PHB production by the Plackett–Burman design (PBD). Sucrose, yeast extract, glycine, and MgSO4 were the main significant factors affecting PHB accumulation. Central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum levels of the selected factors. Rhizobium phaseoli reached the maximum production (4.997 g/L) at run 36 in the presence of 25 g/L of sucrose, 0.0 g/L of yeast extract, 0.87 g/L of glycine, 0.3 g/L of MgSO4, and 5% of inoculation size. In vitro experiments were carried out to test the effect of different stress conditions (pH: 6–11, temperature: 5°C–50°C, salinity: 0.01%–7%, and drought: 0%–5% w/v) on the growth of Rhizobium phaseoli. The results showed that Rhizobium phaseoli can withstand 3% –5% NaCl, high temperature of 30°C– 45°C, alkalinity at pH value of 8 – 10, and drought stress at 3% – 5% w/v polyethylene glycol with growth loss of 50% when grown on modified medium and 75% when grown on the basal one. In vivo experiments were done to study the effect of drought stress levels on the growth parameters of common bean plants. In general, all the treatments with Rhizobium phaseoli grown on the modified medium were superior to Rhizobium phaseoli grown on the basal medium. Also, they showed high tolerance of drought conditions.

Egyptian medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector suffers from poor drying conditions of the product in terms of quality and safety standards, lack of professional advisory services, in addition to a high undeveloped value chain. Four designs were established in this study and focused on different methods for chamomile drying, the results of the 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar-assisted stack dryer were a masterpiece and promising for drying chamomile plant. The results of volatile oil extraction showed that an increased yield of volatile oil extraction by 30 % compared with traditional drying methods (control). GC-MS analysis indicated the essential oil chemical composition for the new drying method, were found to be the main active compound Bisabolol oxide A which were 54% in 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar- assisted stack dryer compared with the control which was 38.36% in control. The study method was promising and distinctive because it increases the yield of volatile oil extraction, maintains chemical structure compared with the control.

Various fungal genotypes (Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 (AN1), Aspergillus niger NRRL 326 (AN26), Aspergillus terrus F2-Kh (AT) and Mucor racemosus NRRL 3639 (MI)) were studied for their ability to produce phytase and improve the produced enzyme by ethyl-methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. AN1 showed the highest phytase activity on phytase screening medium supplemented with glucose (PSMG) after 8 days of incubation (reached 1875.40 IU/mL). The phytase activity of AN1 increased with increasing incubation time and the highest value was achieved at 12 days of incubation (2859.33 IU/mL). The exposure of AN1 spore suspension to 200 mM of EMS for different times enhanced the phytase activity and that mutant 20 Mn exhibited the highest phytase activity (reached 4520.5 IU/mL) therefore it was chosen for the next experiment. An in-vitro gas production procedure was carried out to evaluate the impact of using various amounts of laboratory produced phytase (PE) compared with commercial phytase (Axtra® PHY) on nutrients availability of ruminant's ration. Six levels (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 IU phytase-1Kg dry matter) of phytase enzyme were evaluated with tested ration consisted of 40% berseem hay (BH) and 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM). In-vitro dry and organic matter degradability (IVDMD and IVOMD), total gas production (GP), short chain fatty acids (SCFA’s) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration were improved significantly (P<0.05) by phytase addition from the two sources of phytase and the highest significant (P<0.05) values achieved at the level of 1200 IU. Results suggest that phytase activity was influenced by exposure to EMS mutagen compared to the wild type. Also, the produced enzyme source has the ability to improve the utilization efficiency of phytate diets as evidenced by the significant (P<0.05) increase in all tested parameters compared to the commercial source.

The main objective of this research is to promote the reuse of wastes resulting from different manufacturing processes such as fruit peels (e.g. banana and orange peels) as substitutes (at least partially) of mineral fertilizers. This might have positive effects in maintaining human health and reducing environmental pollution. Moreover, to compare the use of these wastes with commercial organic fertilizer i.e., compost made by Nile Company to meet the needs of tomato plants from nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) elements. To achieve the goal, two experiments were conducted. The first was an incubation experiment, which was designed to compare the organic fertilizer compost of Nile Company and the powdered banana and orange peels. The second was a field experiment achieved at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. Obtained results of the incubation experiment showed increases in nitrogen content by 16 to 31% and potassium by 12 to 24% due to using grinded banana and orange peels as compared to the compost treatment. Moreover, in the field experiment the concentration of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) at different plant growth stages whether in soil or plant did not differ significantly between soil plots fertilized with mineral fertilization and those fertilized with banana and orange ones. On contrary, potassium concentration was found higher in the soil fertilized with organic fertilization than that fertilized with mineral fertilization. It has also been found to us that there are no clear significant differences between tomato fruits resulting from mineral fertilization of the ground and those that were fertilized by the mixture of banana and orange peels in terms of the ratio of nitrogen and potassium, weight, size and density of the fruit and other characteristics except for the total salts percentage, which was less Fruits fertilized with a mixture of banana and orange peels

A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate obesity of housewives. The Sample that comprised of 200 females was selected from different regions of great Cairo, Egypt. Age was affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with a high correlation. A similar finding was also detected in case of education status where such parameter was also greatly affected the BMI status. The occupation, marital status and family size did not show any significant effect in BMI. The Income parameter didn't show any significant with the BMI. So, it could be concluded that only age and education status are greatly affected the housewives obesity in the investigated sample. Life style, i.e the sports practice. The type of sport, the time spent for sport practice, the place sports practice, household works making by herself, the number of times household works practice/week, the time of sleep in day and the time of last meal before sleeping were statistically significant with the BMI. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and central obesity) are greatly affecting the BMI meaning that there is a significant difference among various investigated obesity classes owing to such anthropometric factors. Regarding to the height parameter, no significant difference was found between overweight as well as obesity class I each other, and similar finding was also found between obesity class 11as well as obesity class III. The second variable (i.e., IBW%) had no significant effect among the three obesity classes (I, II and III), while the overweight group was significantly differed rather than that of others. Considering the Central obesity variable, statistical analyses proved that no significance was detected with overweight or obesity class II. group. Similar trend was also, noticed in case of (hip circumference) in relative to obesity class I and obesity class II.

The quality of agricultural exports is one of the most important foundations on which to develop and improve these exports to global markets. Therefore, studying the effect of applying quality standards on increasing agricultural exports is one of the most important determinants for improving the system of those exports. By studying the relative importance of agricultural crops in the research sample, which is represented by potatoes and onions from vegetable crops, oranges and grapes from fruit crops, it was found that exports of potatoes and onions represent about 25%, 21% of total vegetable exports as an average for the period (2014-2018), while orange exports represent About 53% of fruit exports are about 24% of the average fruit exports for the aforementioned period. By studying the effect of applying quality standards on agricultural crops from the beginning of production for export, it was found that applying these standards leads to a reduction in agricultural losses from the crop by a rate ranging between (20-15) %. Also, the application of quality standards leads to an increase in the costs of production and marketing of the crop, but in return, the increase in costs can be compensated for by the increase in profit through higher prices at home and abroad, in addition to benefiting from the percentage of losses that are saved. With regard to the actual effect of implementing quality, the results concluded that the rate of change before the application of quality and after the application in relation to an increase in the production of the best crop is orange by 50%. The potato crop came with a 500% increase in profits, and about 355% of the return on the pound per ton.

Total number of forty testes from twenty Sudani camels (Camelus dromedarius) were used in the present study (>5-10 years old and 500-600 kg body weight). The experimental work was executed to define the effect of green laser irradiation with short-wavelength 532 nm and continuous wave from a diode laser light with a total output power of 3 mW on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality at different exposure times of 0 (control, non-irradiated), 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min. Following irradiation, the percentages of motile spermatozoa, storagability, viability, and acrosomal damage were assessed of the epididymal camel spermatozoa stored at 5°C for 4 days. Epididymal spermatozoa was diluted with lactose-yolk-citrate (LYC) extender. The obtained results showed that the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 6 min of laser irradiation and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with the control group. Otherwise, the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 10 min and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with 2 min. The advancement of storage time at 5°C decreased (P<0.05) the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa, while increased (P<0.05) the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa during storage at 5°C for 4 days. Consequently, enhancing the artificial insemination program can be achieved using the laser irradiation which is considered a cost-effective technique for improving semen quality. The profitable effects of laser irradiation on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality raised the motile spermatozoa, storagability, livability, acrosomal integrity which consider an indicator to improve mitochondrial function which extends the survival of spermatozoa

Six bread wheat genotypes and their 15 F1 crosses were evaluated under two nitrogen fertilization levels (40 and 80 kg N/fed) to estimate combining ability for days to heading, plant height, spike length, number of spikes/plant, kernels number/spike, weight of 100-kernels and grain yield/plant during 2018/19 season. Results revealed that significant nitrogen levels (N) mean squares were detected for all studied characters. Mean squares due to genotypes (G), parents and crosses for the studied characters were significant at both nitrogen levels and their combined analyses. Also, G x N interaction was highly significant for the studied characters. The general and specific combining ability variances were found to be significant for all studied characters at both-N-levels and their combined analyses. GCA/SCA ratios were less than unity for all studied characters at both N-levels and their combined data. The behavior of gene action varied from nitrogen level to another where the interactions of GCA and SCA with nitrogen levels were significant for most studied characters. Sakha 93 was identified as the most useful source for increasing favorable alleles for grain yield/plant, kernels number/spike and weight of 100-kernels under N-stress conditions, while Giza 168 was the best combiner for earliness at the two N levels. Cross combinations; Sakha 93 x Sids 12 and Sakha 93 x Misr 1 gave the best SCA effects for grain yield/plant under N-stress conditions. Significant positive correlations were detected between means of parents and F1 crosses with their GCA and SCA effects for most studied characters under the two nitrogen levels, respectively

Potato occupies a distinguished position in the Egyptian agricultural economy, whether in terms of its contribution to agricultural income or in terms of cultivated area, in addition to being one of the important food crops in the Egyptian dietary pattern in addition to being one of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports. The research aims to measure the effect of price policies on the most important economic variables of the potato crop by identifying both the productive and economic indicators of the potato crop in Egypt. The extent of deviation of the price that producers get from the real price that they must obtain. The efficiency of using agricultural resources for the potato crop. The effect of the price policy of potato crop on the product's well-being and consumer and government revenues. It was found from the results of the research that the average area cultivated with the potato crop amounted to about 317.74 thousand feddans. The feddan productivity the total production amounted to about 10.82 tons, 3477.12 thousand tons, respectively, and that the average total costs. Total income, net revenue per feddan, and farm price reached about 9554 53, 13704.05, 4149.58, and 1147.68 pounds respectively, and the ratio of total revenue to total costs. The profitability of the produced ton, and the profit of the invested pound amounted to about 1.53, 0.53 and 381.87 pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018), as it turned out that. The value of production inputs, the added value amounted to about 8097.89, 5606.16 pounds, and the average consumption. The amount of waste, and the surplus of the potato crop in Egypt amounted to about 2,297.89, 425.32 and 1179.22 thousand tons, respectively, and the rate of self-sufficiency of the potato crop in Egypt reached About 152.99%, the average per capita consumption of the potato crop in Egypt was about 28.51 kg / year, and the average quantity and value of exports and imports of potatoes amounted to about 418.02, 106.44 thousand tons, 145.63 and 76.47 million dollars per ton respectively, and the trade balance of potatoes reached about 7469 million Dollars during the period Previous reference to it. The nominal protection coefficient and rate and the partial equilibrium model were also estimated in order to study the effect of price policies on both the producer. The consumer, foreign trade and government revenue as a result of following a certain policy based on the indicators of welfare, efficiency and government revenue. About 0.62, 0.38, respectively, during the period (2000- 2018), as it was found that the average net economic loss. The net economic impact on society and the state, producer surplus, government revenue, and the change in foreign exchange amounted to about 247.176, 426.96, 904.352, 1309.882, 829.035 thousand pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018).

This study aims to use one thermochemical storage materials system as a heat source for poultry egg incubation. Three types of activated thermochemical storage materials (TCMs) were used as an energy storage medium. These materials are Silica gel self-indicating (blue/pink), commercial white Silica gel, and Natural Zeolite. An open thermochemical system was applied inside a poultry egg incubator. The TCMs were humidified by the vapor produced from the evaporation of the water by an ultra-sonic humidifier at atmospheric pressure. The thermal recovery process aims to release the stored energy in TCMs. Two types of poultry egg incubator used during this study. The first one was the traditional poultry incubator (electricity incubator). The traditional egg incubator dimensions were 57×66×59 cm with capacity of 125 hen egg- 76 hatching. The second one was the prototype of a thermochemical poultry egg incubator. The thermochemical poultry egg incubator contained sensors to control and measure the temperature and humidity inside the incubator. The designed incubator egg dimensions were 56x39x28.5 cm, with a capacity of 25 eggs. The total heat losses by the wall and ventilation were 9.8 and 1.5W, respectively. The heat production by 25 eggs due to metabolic activities was 3.65 W. The total energy needed for the incubation process was 36.09W. The container of storage material with dimensions of 35x35x5 cm with 3.5 kg capacity allocated inside the incubator. The container's surface is covered with aluminum sheet with 0.5 mm thickness supplied with fins. The egg tray is placed on the aluminum sheet, and the eggs were placed horizontally in the tray. The energy consumption for traditional and thermochemical incubators for 21 days was 19.25 kWh and 11.2 kWh, respectively. The energy saving by thermochemical prototype incubator was 41.8%. The percentage of hatchability for traditional and prototype incubator was 80.9% and 71.4%, respectively.