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Antagonistic effects of atipamezole, yohimbine, and prazosin on xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats
2014
Murahata, Yuskuke | Miki, Yuya | Hikasa, Yoshiaki
This study aimed to investigate and compare the antagonistic effects of atipamezole, yohimbine, and prazosin on xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats. Five cats were repeatedly used in each of the 9 groups. One group was not medicated. Cats in the other groups received 2 mg/kg BW xylazine intramuscularly, and saline (as the control); 160 mg/kg BW prazosin; or 40, 160, or 480 mg/kg BW atipamezole or yohimbine intravenously 0.5 h later. Urine and blood samples were collected 10 times over 8 h. Urine volume, pH, and specific gravity; plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration; and creatinine, osmolality, and electrolyte values in both urine and plasma were measured. Both atipamezole and yohimbine antagonized xylazine-induced diuresis, but prazosin did not. The antidiuretic effect of atipamezole was more potent than that of yohimbine but not dose-dependent, in contrast to the effect of yohimbine at the tested doses. Both atipamezole and yohimbine reversed xylazine-induced decreases in both urine specific gravity and osmolality, and the increase in free water clearance. Glomerular filtration rate, osmolar clearance, and plasma electrolyte concentrations were not significantly altered. Antidiuresis of either atipamezole or yohimbine was not related to the area under the curve for AVP concentration, although the highest dose of both atipamezole and yohimbine increased plasma AVP concentration initially and temporarily, suggesting that this may in part influence antidiuretic effects of both agents. The diuretic effect of xylazine in cats may be mediated by a2-adrenoceptors but not a1-adrenoceptors. Atipamezole and yohimbine can be used as antagonistic agents against xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Prion protein genotypes of sheep as determined from 3343 samples submitted from Ontario and other provinces of Canada from 2005 to 2012
2014
Cameron, Colin | Bell-Rogers, Patricia | McDowall, Rebeccah | Rebelo, Ana R. | Cai, Hugh Y.
This study analyzed sheep prion protein (PrP) genotypes of samples submitted from Ontario and other provinces of Canada to the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, between 2005 and 2012. In Ontario, the proportion of scrapie-resistant sheep increased from 2005 to 2012 as evidenced by an increase in the ARR haplotype. When Canadian provinces (Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia) were compared from 2008 to 2012, a high proportion of scrapie-resistant sheep was found in all the provinces. The proportions of resistant sheep were lower in Alberta and Quebec than in Ontario and Nova Scotia. Alberta had higher proportions of susceptible sheep and a higher frequency of VRQ alleles, and Quebec had a higher frequency of the ARQ allele.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Functional morphology of the brain of the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse, 1840)
2014
Ibe, Chikera S(Ahmadu Bello University) | Onyeanusi, Barth I(Ahmadu Bello University) | Hambolu, Joseph O(Ahmadu Bello University)
A gross morphological study of the brain of the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse, 1840) was undertaken in order to document its normal features and assess the structure-function paradigm. The study was conducted by direct observation of 29 adult African giant pouched rats' brains. In the telencephalon, the cerebral cortex was devoid of prominent gyri and sulci, but the large olfactory bulb and tract relaying impulses to the olfactory cortex were very prominent. The large size of the olfactory bulb correlated with the established sharp olfactory acuity of the rodent. In the mesencephalic tectum, the caudal colliculi were bigger than the rostral colliculi, indicating a more acute sense of hearing than sight. In the metencephalon, the cerebellar vermis, the flocculus and the paraflocculus were highly coiled and, thus, well developed. The myelencephalon revealed a better organised ventral surface than dorsal surface; the cuneate fascicle, the intermediate sulcus and the lateral sulcus were not evident on the dorsal surface, but there were clearly visible pyramids and olivary prominence on the ventral surface. In conclusion, the highly coiled cerebellar vermis, flocculus and paraflocculus, as well as the conspicuous pyramids and olivary prominence are indicative of a good motor coordination and balance in the African giant pouched rat.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]The changing landscape for health research in Africa: The focus of the Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases and Surveillance
2014
Rweyemamu, Mark M(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Karimuribo, Esron D(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Mboera, Leonard E.G(National Institute for Medical Research)
Screening for foot-and-mouth disease virus in livestock-wildlife interface areas of Tanzania
2014
Peter, Emma(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Kasanga, Christopher J(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Sallu, Raphael(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Mathias, Mkama(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Yongolo, Mmeta(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Mulumba, Misheck(Southern African Development Community Secretariat) | Ranga, Ezekia(Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries) | Wambura, Philemon N(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Rweyemamu, Mark M(Sokoine University of Agriculture)
Full genome sequencing to study the evolutionary characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in southern Africa
2014
Kasanga, Christopher J(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Valdazo-González, Begoña(The Pirbright Institute) | Dwarka, Rahana(University of Pretoria) | Wadsworth, Jemma(The Pirbright Institute) | Knowles, Nick J(The Pirbright Institute) | Wambura, Philemon N(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Rweyemamu, Mark M(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Mulumba, Misheck(Southern African Development Community Secretariat) | Deve, Jimis(Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock) | King, Donald P(The Pirbright Institute)
The changing landscape of the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus in southern Africa north of Limpopo and east Africa
2014
Kasanga, Christopher J(Sokoine University of Agriculture)
Spatial and temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the eastern zone of Tanzania
2014
Joseph, Julius(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Kasanga, Christopher J(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Yongolo, Mmeta(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Mpelumbe-Ngeleja, Chanasa(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Sallu, Raphael(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Mkama, Mathias(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Masambu, Joseph(Sokoine University of Agriculture)
Molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the African buffalo in southern Africa
2014
Kasanga, Christopher J(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Dwarka, Rahana(University of Pretoria) | Thobokwe, Gaothlele(Botswana Vaccine Institute) | Wadsworth, Jemma(The Pirbright Institute) | Knowles, Nick J.(The Pirbright Institute) | Mulumba, Misheck(Southern African Development Community Secretariat) | Ranga, Ezekia(Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries) | Deve, Jimis(Southern African Development Community) | Mundia, Cornelius(Southern African Development Community) | Chikungwa, Patrick(Southern African Development Community) | Joao, Laureta(Southern African Development Community) | Sallu, Raphael(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Yongolo, Mmeta(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Wambura, Philemon N(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Rweyemamu, Mark M(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | King, Donald P(The Pirbright Institute)
Serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease virus in selected livestock-wildlife interface areas of Tanzania
2014
Mkama, Mathias(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Kasanga, Christopher J(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Sallu, Raphael(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Ranga, Ezekia(Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries) | Yongolo, Mmeta(Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency) | Mulumba, Misheck(Southern African Development Community Secretariat) | Rweyemamu, Mark(Sokoine University of Agriculture) | Wambura, Philemon(Sokoine University of Agriculture)
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is caused by a virus of the genus Aphthorvirus of the family Picornaviridae. There is great scientific need for determining the transmission dynamics of FMD virus (FMDV) by drawing more attention to the livestock-wildlife interface areas. A variety of literature suggests that buffalo could serve as reservoir of FMDV in wildlife and cattle. However, many FMDV research studies conducted on experimentally infected cattle as carriers and groups of animal highly susceptible to FMDV (i.e. bovine calves) have shown lower chances of transmission of the virus between carriers and the susceptible groups. These findings underscore the importance of continued research on the role played by carrier animals on FMDV transmission dynamics under natural conditions. The aim of this research study was to determine FMDV infection status among buffalo and cattle herds in selected livestock-wildlife interface areas. The sampled areas included Mikumi, Mkomazi and Ruaha national parks, where a total of 330 buffalo and bovine sera samples were collected. Laboratory analysis of the samples was done through the NSP ELISA technique using the PrioCHECK® FMDV NS Kit for detection of antibodies directed against 3ABC non-structural proteins and confirming natural infections. Results showed that 76.3% of tested sera samples were positive for FMDV. However, serotyping of NSP ELISA seroreactors with LPBE is yet to be done. This information is important for further epidemiological studies towards developing effective FMD control strategies.
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