Objective: This research was conducted to determine the influence of physico-chemical characteristics on diversity of the intermediate host of schistosomes in Makwaye and Kubanni reservoirs, Zaria, Nigeria.Materials and methods: Physico-chemical characteristics and diversity of the intermediate host of schistosomes in Makwaye and Kubanni reservoirs, Zaria, Nigeria, were investigated for a 12-month period (January to December, 2014). Physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to the standard procedures for examination of water and waste waters. The molluscs were collected using an Ekman grab model number 923, measuring 19 cm by 14 cm with an area of 0.0266 m2. PAST software was used to run Principal Component Analysis, Shanon-Weiner diversity index and Cluster analysis.Results: A total of 978 Bulinus globosus and 3612 Biomphalaria pfefferi were recorded in Makwaye reservoir with high abundance in dry season while a total of 163 B. globosus and 602 B. pfefferi was recorded in Kubanni reservoir with higher abundance in wet season. Shanon-Weiner diversity index of Makwaye reservoir also ranged from 2.01-2.22 and 1.16-1.31 in Kubanni reservoir. Significant variations (P≤0.05) were observed in physicochemical parameters, schistosomes intermediate host abundance with seasons. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed significant influence (P≤0.05) of physicochemical properties on schistosome intermediate host composition, with BOD, DO, pH and Calcium significantly influencing the presence of B. globosus and B. pfefferi in both reservoirs.Conclusion: It is concluded that the presence of these molluscs in the study areas may constitute a predisposing factor to schistosomiasis and therefore, various management strategies and recommend preventive measures to people coming in contact with these two reservoirs.ht//doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d235tp:

Objective: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used for the activation of lactoperoxidase system on preservation of milk.Materials and methods: Milk samples were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm. The collected milk samples were added with 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 and 0.14% of 10% H2O2 along with control one. All milk samples were kept at room temperature (28-310C). Flavor, clot on boiling (COB), acidity %, and methylene blue reduction (MBR) test were observed every one hour interval.Results: The milk samples were acceptable in terms of flavor up to 18 h at 0.14% H2O2. Similarly, this milk sample took maximum time (19 h) to give COB positive test. Acidity % was within normal range for 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 and 0.14% H2O2 treated milk samples up to 8, 9, 11, 12, 12, 14, 17 and 18 h, respectively. Significant difference (P<0.01) was found among the levels of H2O2 in acidity development at every observation hour except 0 hour. In MBR test, control sample was decolorized at 7 h and H2O2 treated milk samples were decolorized after 8 to 13 h depending on the level of added H2O2.Conclusion: Based on the results, it may be recommended that 0.14% H2O2 is suitable to extend the milk shelf-life where milk cooling facilities are not available.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d236

Objectives: This experiment was conducted on buffaloes to see effect of showering on maintaining good quality of buffalo semen in hot season.Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 6(six) indigenous buffalo bulls in hot summer of March and April 2017. The effect of multiple showering vs single shower alone on fresh and equilibrated semen quality was observed. The buffalos were divided into similar two groups (according to age and weight) and housed in half-walled openshed with adequate spacing and the feeding management being identical. The bulls in the control group were allowed to a single shower at 10.00 am and experimental bulls were allowed to four showers at 07.00, 10.00, 13.00 and 16.00. Temperature and humidity were recorded during this time. The average temperature was around 35°C along with 72% relative humidity. The quality of experimental bull’s semen was evaluated in terms of volume, live sperm, sperm concentration, sperm motility, motion parameters and morphology for normal and abnormal sperm. For this analysis Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) system was used.Results: Between experimental group and control group semen quality differs significantly for volume (2.04±0.13 mL; 2.53±0.27 mL) (P<0.01); live sperm (81.38±1.22%; 90.28±1.53%) (P<0.01), normal fraction (36.87±6.38%; 47.87±12.01%) (P<0.05); DMR (6.89±5.86%, 5.86±1.45%) (P<0.05) and for proximal droplet (57.86±4.30, 45.26±10.96) (P<0.05). Motility and motion parameters for fresh semen were not significantly different.Conclusion: In short, showering showed significant effect on different parameters of fresh semen quality of buffalo but not in case of further processing.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e239

Objective: Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the most important foodborne bacterial pathogen worldwide and the bovine animals are assumed as a reservoir of this pathogen. The present study was conducted to assess the role of bovine animals as the source of STEC.Materials and methods: To assess the role of bovine animals as the source of STEC, we examined 100 samples (50 rectal swab and 50 beef samples) collected from the local beef slaughterhouses by cultural, morphological, biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the drug resistance pattern of isolated organisms has been examined.Result: In the preliminary screening by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), E. coli was more prevalent in rectal swab (n=21/50) than beef samples (n=16/50). Among 39 isolated E. coli, 10 isolates were confirmed as STEC (Rectal swab=7, Beef=3) by PCR, where stx2 gene (n=7/10) was predominant than stx1 gene (n=3/10). Remaining 29 isolates did not react to stx primers in PCR. Presence of STEC in beef samples was significantly associated with the fecal contamination at P≤0.1 (0.074818) in Pearson’s correlation coefficient method. In addition, most of the isolated STEC strains were resistant to one or more commonly used antimicrobials in the country.Conclusion: The bovine animals and its products could be an important source of multidrug-resistant STEC in the country.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e271

Objective: This study aimed to observe the changes in anatomical pathology, histopathology, and histomorphometry of uterine horn in Aceh cattle with repeat breeding (RB). Materials and methods: In this study, five uterine horns were collected from fertile Aceh cattle (N1, N2, N3, N4, and N5) and Aceh cattle with RB (RB1, RB2, RB3, RB4, and RB5). Changes in the anatomical pathology of uterine horn were observed prior to histopathological preparations. The results were analyzed descriptively. Results: The observation of anatomical pathology revealed that the uterus of fertile cattle was yellowish white with horn-like shape consisting of hollow muscles, while RB cattle were reddish-pale. Furthermore, uterine horn swelling with purulent exudate was observed in the uterine horn of RB1 and RB4, while swelling with serous exudates was found in RB2, RB3, and RB5. Thin-walled uterine horn with caruncular atrophy was observed only in RB3. Histopathological observations showed erosion and hyperplasia of endometrial columnar epithelial and uterine glands in RB1, RB2, RB4, and RB5. Atrophy of uterine gland was found in RB3 and edema of caruncular was observed in RB1 and RB4. In addition, hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages) were found in all RB cattle. Histologically, cow uterus is divided into three layers, endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium with the uterine gland found in the endometrium. Histomorphometric measurements found that the uterine horn wall (endometrial, myometrial, and perimetrium) of RB cattle were thicker than of fertile Aceh cattle, 208.06 ± 39.90 vs. 187.39 ± 29.09 μm, 400.138 ± 51.96 vs. 277.91 ± 42.88 μm, and 23.59 ± 9.67 vs. 18.53 ± 4.40 μm. However, the endometrial gland diameter of RB cattle is smaller than that of fertile Aceh cattle, 4.04 ± 0.88 vs. 4.99 ± 1.37 μm. Conclusion: The changes in anatomical pathology and histopathology of the uterine horn of Aceh cattle with RB indicate endometritis which caused by subacute and chronic bacterial infections. Endometritis causes disrupted blood circulation, which is characterized by hemorrhage, edema, and thickening of the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium, resulting in an increased diameter of the endometrial gland in RB Aceh cattle. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e297

Objective: Until recently, management of repeat breeding in cattle remains a major problem to dairy farmers. This study was carried out to improve the fertility in cows, those did not conceive after three or more consecutive services. Materials and methods: Twenty-three repeat breeding cows were selected from the Central Cattle Breeding Station and Dairy Farm (CCBS & DF), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data of another 23 repeat breeding cows that conceived after four or more services were collected from the same farm as controls. The repeat breeders were synchronized for estrus with two injections of PGF2α 11 days apart and timed AI (TAI) was performed. Results: Seventeen of 23 cows had uterine infections. Intrauterine infusion of penicillin daily for three successive days from the following day of the first PGF2α injection resulted in 94.1% (16/17) recovery. Of 23 treated cows, four with estrus synchronization and TAI, and one with only AI after hormone treatment were detected pregnant by per rectal examination of the genital tract. By this pregnancy, the treated cows have advanced average of 131.6 days calving interval and days open, and thereby saved neat US $3,045.3 in comparison to control cows. Control group cows incurred losses of US $15,134.0 compared with average days open of the treated pregnant cows. Conclusion: Intrauterine infusion of penicillin can successfully recover the uterine infections, and estrus synchronization followed by TAI resulted in pregnancy in a proportion of repeat breeder cows with economic benefit that had a uterine infection. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e298

Objective: Gastro-enteritis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode species which is considered as an important parasite in Malaysia. This case report described the management of Parasitic Gastro-enteritis concurrent with pneumonia in goat.Materials and methods: The Jamnapari cross goat aged two years and weighing 40 Kg was presented to the Universiti Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia with the history of diarrhea and depression. The goat was examined physically. Blood and fecal samples were collected for complete blood count, serum biochemistry analysis and parasitological examination. Standard treatment plan was applied for the correction of the the problem.Results: Physical examination findings revealed the goat was in poor body condition, dull and depressed. Wet and dry fecal traces were observed around the groin region. The temperature was slightly elevated (39.5°C), the heart rate was increased (160 b/min) while other parameters were within normal range. Upon auscultation of the thoracic region, moderate crackle lung sound was determined. Visual observation of the nasal cavity indicated a bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge. The hemogram result revealed evidence of a normocytic normochromic anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia with left shift and monocytosis. Serum biochemistry revealed increases in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), sodium, chloride, creatine kinase (CK), and hyperglobulinemia. Fecal examination revealed increased in Strongyle egg count of about 2,700 eggs per gram of feces using the Modified Mcmaster technique. From the history, physical examination and laboratory findings the goat was diagnosed with clinical parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) concurrent with moderate pneumonia infection. The therapeutic plan for this case were 45 mL of kaolin-pectin (30 mL/Kg body weight) orally SID for 3 days as anti-diarrhea, 12 mL Levamisole (12 mg/Kg bwt) was administered orally once  as anthelminthic, fluid therapy was instituted using 1.5 L of Lactated Ringers’ solution once via intravenously. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (1 mL/16 Kg bwt) was administered intramuscularly SID for 3 days. Conclusion: Follow up examination of the goat a week post treatment indicated a good prognosis as the nasal discharges were cleared, diarrhea stopped and the goat was active.  http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d219

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of the clinical outcome of meniscal injury diagnosis and surgical management during the reconstruction of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (RCCL) in dogs.Materials and methods: For these purpose two groups with 2 different surgery regimens; group 1 (G1), RCCL was corrected with partial meniscectomy and tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), and another one (group-2, G2) only with TTA. Long-term follow-up about postoperative complications and any recurrence of signs were recorded by referring veterinarians by medical questionnaire over telephone contact and radiographic postoperative follow-up of bone healing was evaluated.Results: Meniscal injuries were diagnosed arthroscopically in five dogs out of six dogs, and corrected by partial meniscectomy arthroscopically. The percentage of presence of meniscal injury was 83%. It was found that clinical outcomes were superior in G1 than G2 group both walking starting time (4.6±2.5 and 6.4±2.9 days, respectively) or full recovery time (39.2±26.9 and 58.1±24.5 days, respectively) was significantly shortage (P<0.05) along with less postoperative complication at two years postoperative observation. Out of the five dogs, lameness, arthritis was developed in four dogs in G2 group while the number of dogs was two in G1 group within two years.Conclusion: Finally based on the clinical superiority, it is recommended that meniscal injury should be checked and corrected during RCCL reconstruction for getting better clinical outcomes. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d223