Recent years have seen a change in the relative prevalence of environmental and contagious intramammary pathogens, as well as a change in the relative number of total mixed ration (TMR)-based and pasture (PAS)-based dairies in South Africa. The objectives of the study were to determine and compare the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in TMR and PAS dairies in South Africa during 2008 and 2013; furthermore, the within-herd prevalence of Streptococcus uberis in Str. uberis-positive herds was determined and compared. The prevalence of each pathogen, as well as the within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis, were compared between the two years and the two management systems using bacterial culture results from routinely collected composite cow milk samples submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. Coagulase-negative staphylococci had the highest prevalence in both TMR and PAS dairies for both 2008 (29.60% [95.00% CI: 28.80% – 30.40%] and 26.90% [95.00% CI: 25.50% – 28.30%], respectively) and 2013 (20.20% [95.00% CI: 19.30% – 21.10%] and 22.70% [95.00% CI: 22.20% – 23.10%], respectively), which decreased significantly from 2008 to 2013 in both TMR and PAS dairies (p  0.001). Streptococcus uberis showed an increase in prevalence in both TMR (p = 0.002) and PAS dairies (p = 0.001) from 2008 (2.36% [95.00% CI: 2.10% – 2.65%] and 2.63% [95.00% CI: 2.16% – 3.16%], respectively) to 2013 (3.10% [95.00% CI: 2.72% – 3.51%] and 3.64% [95.00% CI: 3.45% – 3.83%], respectively). Staphylococcus aureusshowed a significant decrease in both TMR (p = 0.011) and PAS (p  0.001) dairies from 2008 (4.71% [95.00% CI: 4.34% – 5.10%] and 5.62% [95.00% CI: 4.94% – 6.36%], respectively) to 2013 (3.95% [95.00% CI: 3.52% – 4.40%] and 1.71% [95.00% CI: 1.58% – 1.84%], respectively). The median within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis for the combined dairy systems showed a significant increase from 2008 (1.72% [IQR: 0.88% – 5.00%]) to 2013 (3.10% [IQR: 1.72% – 4.70%]) (p  0.001). Statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of most of the major contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens between 2008 and 2013 and between TMR and PAS dairies. The within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis increased from 2008 to 2013, with the highest within-herd prevalence in PAS dairies in 2013.

Recent years have seen a change in the relative prevalence of environmental and contagious intramammary pathogens, as well as a change in the relative number of total mixed ration (TMR)-based and pasture (PAS)-based dairies in South Africa. The objectives of the study were to determine and compare the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in TMR and PAS dairies in South Africa during 2008 and 2013; furthermore, the within-herd prevalence of Streptococcus uberis in Str. uberis-positive herds was determined and compared. The prevalence of each pathogen, as well as the within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis, were compared between the two years and the two management systems using bacterial culture results from routinely collected composite cow milk samples submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. Coagulase-negative staphylococci had the highest prevalence in both TMR and PAS dairies for both 2008 (29.60% [95.00% CI: 28.80% – 30.40%] and 26.90% [95.00% CI: 25.50% – 28.30%], respectively) and 2013 (20.20% [95.00% CI: 19.30% – 21.10%] and 22.70% [95.00% CI: 22.20% – 23.10%], respectively), which decreased significantly from 2008 to 2013 in both TMR and PAS dairies (p < 0.001). Streptococcus uberis showed an increase in prevalence in both TMR (p = 0.002) and PAS dairies (p = 0.001) from 2008 (2.36% [95.00% CI: 2.10% – 2.65%] and 2.63% [95.00% CI: 2.16% – 3.16%], respectively) to 2013 (3.10% [95.00% CI: 2.72% – 3.51%] and 3.64% [95.00% CI: 3.45% – 3.83%], respectively). Staphylococcus aureusshowed a significant decrease in both TMR (p = 0.011) and PAS (p < 0.001) dairies from 2008 (4.71% [95.00% CI: 4.34% – 5.10%] and 5.62% [95.00% CI: 4.94% – 6.36%], respectively) to 2013 (3.95% [95.00% CI: 3.52% – 4.40%] and 1.71% [95.00% CI: 1.58% – 1.84%], respectively). The median within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis for the combined dairy systems showed a significant increase from 2008 (1.72% [IQR: 0.88% – 5.00%]) to 2013 (3.10% [IQR: 1.72% – 4.70%]) (p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of most of the major contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens between 2008 and 2013 and between TMR and PAS dairies. The within-herd prevalence of Str. uberis increased from 2008 to 2013, with the highest within-herd prevalence in PAS dairies in 2013.

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity of a plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine encoding the G1 epitope of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) G glycoprotein in mice. A plasmid DNA carrying the G1 gene was constructed and designated as pcDNA3.1-G1. The expression of the target gene was confirmed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-G1 by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Immunisation experiments were intramuscularly carried out by vaccinating 6-week-old female mice in four groups, including the pcDNA3.1-G1 construct, pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid alone, BEF-inactivated vaccine and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (1X) three times with 2-week intervals. Fourteen days after the last immunisation, the animals were bled and the resulting sera were tested for anti-G1-specific antibodies by immunoblotting analysis, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralisation (VN) test. Serological assays showed that the pcDNA3.1-G1 construct expressing G1 protein was able to elicit specific antibodies against this antigen. Virus neutralisation test showed that pcDNA3.1-G1 could induce anti-BEFV-neutralising antibodies in mice. Our findings indicated that a new dimension can be added to vaccine studies for bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) using eukaryotic expression plasmids encoding the G1 antigen in the future.

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity of a plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine encoding the G1 epitope of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) G glycoprotein in mice. A plasmid DNA carrying the G1 gene was constructed and designated as pcDNA3.1-G1. The expression of the target gene was confirmed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-G1 by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Immunisation experiments were intramuscularly carried out by vaccinating 6-week-old female mice in four groups, including the pcDNA3.1-G1 construct, pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid alone, BEF-inactivated vaccine and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (1X) three times with 2-week intervals. Fourteen days after the last immunisation, the animals were bled and the resulting sera were tested for anti-G1-specific antibodies by immunoblotting analysis, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralisation (VN) test. Serological assays showed that the pcDNA3.1-G1 construct expressing G1 protein was able to elicit specific antibodies against this antigen. Virus neutralisation test showed that pcDNA3.1-G1 could induce anti-BEFV-neutralising antibodies in mice. Our findings indicated that a new dimension can be added to vaccine studies for bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) using eukaryotic expression plasmids encoding the G1 antigen in the future.

Canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis are important tick-borne infections in South Africa. Many South African general veterinary practitioners perceive co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. as a common occurrence in dogs with babesiosis. Studies about the prevalence of co-infection in South African dogs are lacking. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia co-infection in dogs with babesiosis. Additionally, the predicative value of specific haematological variables for co-infection was evaluated. The study population consisted of 205 dogs diagnosed with canine babesiosis presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH) in 2006 and between 2011 and 2013. The Babesia-infected dogs were grouped based on presence or absence of an Ehrlichia spp. co-infection. Ehrlichia spp. co-infection was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction. Positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) of leukopenia or thrombocytopenia for co-infection were also calculated. The prevalence of Babesiaspp. and Ehrlichia spp. co-infection in this cohort of dogs was 2%. In the babesiosis dogs, the PPV of leukopenia for co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was 1.3%, and the NPV 97.4%. Similarly, the PPV and NPVs of thrombocytopenia for co-infection were 2.1% and 100%, respectively. Co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was a rare occurrence in dogs with babesiosis presented to the OVAH. Normal leukocyte or platelet counts confidently ruled out the presence of concurrent ehrlichiosis in this cohort of dogs. However, the diagnosis of Ehrlichia co-infection based on the presence of thrombocytopenia or leukopenia would have been associated with false positive results in more than 97.4% of cases.

Canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis are important tick-borne infections in South Africa. Many South African general veterinary practitioners perceive co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. as a common occurrence in dogs with babesiosis. Studies about the prevalence of co-infection in South African dogs are lacking. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia co-infection in dogs with babesiosis. Additionally, the predicative value of specific haematological variables for co-infection was evaluated. The study population consisted of 205 dogs diagnosed with canine babesiosis presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH) in 2006 and between 2011 and 2013. The Babesia-infected dogs were grouped based on presence or absence of an Ehrlichia spp. co-infection. Ehrlichia spp. co-infection was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction. Positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) of leukopenia or thrombocytopenia for co-infection were also calculated. The prevalence of Babesiaspp. and Ehrlichia spp. co-infection in this cohort of dogs was 2%. In the babesiosis dogs, the PPV of leukopenia for co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was 1.3%, and the NPV 97.4%. Similarly, the PPV and NPVs of thrombocytopenia for co-infection were 2.1% and 100%, respectively. Co-infection with Ehrlichia spp. was a rare occurrence in dogs with babesiosis presented to the OVAH. Normal leukocyte or platelet counts confidently ruled out the presence of concurrent ehrlichiosis in this cohort of dogs. However, the diagnosis of Ehrlichia co-infection based on the presence of thrombocytopenia or leukopenia would have been associated with false positive results in more than 97.4% of cases.

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate morphometric and histopathological abnormalities during organogenesis in liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, heart, Lung, digestive tract and spleen in rabbit feti in response to oral administration of Khat prepared from leaves of khat tree (Catha edulis).Materials and methods: The current work was carried out with apparently healthy adult New Zealand rabbits (n=27; 3 males and 24 females) weighing 2.5±0.5 Kg. The female rabbits were divided into four equal groups. Three goups (low, medium and high dose groups) were treated with Khat. The groups were given 3 mL, 6 mL and 12 mL extract/Kg bwt once daily from day 8 to 18 of gestation, respectively. The control group was given distilled water only. All females were slaughtered on day 28 of gestation. Visceral organ were subjected for histopathological examinations.    Results: Khat was found to be associated with hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rabbits. The kidney of feti of treated dams showed subcapsular hemorrhages along with mild vacuolar degeneration of some renal tubular epithelium. Glomeruli were atrophied, and moderate degenerative changes were observed in renal tubular epithelium and hemorrhages between renal tubules. The liver of the  feti showed vacuolar degeneration, necrotic hepatitis, congestion of central veins and hepatic sinusoids, pyknotic clumped nuclei, hemorrhages, edema with atrophy of some hepatocytes, and hyperplasia of Megakaryocytic cells. The Khat also harmed the brain causing hemorrhage, edema, degenerative changes, swelling and necrotic changes of some nerve cells as well as supporting cells. The spinal cord was affected showing degeneration of nerve fibers in white matter and some neurons in grey matter. The heart of treated feti showed congestion of epicardial blood vessels and diffuse degeneration of heart muscles. Lung and alimentary tract only showed congestion of blood vessels.Conclusion: Prenatal exposure of Khat in rabbit induces harmful effects in defferent visceral organs including liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, spleen, intestine, heart and lung.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e242

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate morphometric and histopathological abnormalities during organogenesis in liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, heart, Lung, digestive tract and spleen in rabbit feti in response to oral administration of Khat prepared from leaves of khat tree (Catha edulis). Materials and methods: The current work was carried out with apparently healthy adult New Zealand rabbits (n=27; 3 males and 24 females) weighing 2.5±0.5 Kg. The female rabbits were divided into four equal groups. Three goups (low, medium and high dose groups) were treated with Khat. The groups were given 3 mL, 6 mL and 12 mL extract/Kg bwt once daily from day 8 to 18 of gestation, respectively. The control group was given distilled water only. All females were slaughtered on day 28 of gestation. Visceral organ were subjected for histopathological examinations. Results: Khat was found to be associated with hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rabbits. The kidney of feti of treated dams showed subcapsular hemorrhages along with mild vacuolar degeneration of some renal tubular epithelium. Glomeruli were atrophied, and moderate degenerative changes were observed in renal tubular epithelium and hemorrhages between renal tubules. The liver of the feti showed vacuolar degeneration, necrotic hepatitis, congestion of central veins and hepatic sinusoids, pyknotic clumped nuclei, hemorrhages, edema with atrophy of some hepatocytes, and hyperplasia of Megakaryocytic cells. The Khat also harmed the brain causing hemorrhage, edema, degenerative changes, swelling and necrotic changes of some nerve cells as well as supporting cells. The spinal cord was affected showing degeneration of nerve fibers in white matter and some neurons in grey matter. The heart of treated feti showed congestion of epicardial blood vessels and diffuse degeneration of heart muscles. Lung and alimentary tract only showed congestion of blood vessels. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure of Khat in rabbit induces harmful effects in defferent visceral organs including liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, spleen, intestine, heart and lung. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 25-36]

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the lamb production potentiality in terms of nutrient intake and utilization, growth performances, carcass characteristics and meat quality of three regional native sheep under intensive management condition.Materials and methods: A total of 24 growing lambs having 08 lambs from each group with 4 to 6 months of age were used in this study. 40% urea molasses straw (UMS) and 60% concentrate mixture of the total diet were supplied according to lamb body weight. The total feed was offered at 4.0% live weight on dry matter basis of each animal. The completely randomized design was used in this experiment.Results: The dry matter intake was significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower but DM, OM, CP and ADF digestibility were higher (P&lt;0.01) in Jamuna river basin group compared to other groups. All group having positive N-balance but significantly higher value (P&lt;0.01) observed in Barind region sheep. Lower FCR (P&lt;0.01) was found in Jamuna river basin group but it not differ significantly with Coastal group. Nevertheless, daily gain and total live weight gain were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in Costal sheep. However, cost per kg gain, dressing percent, carcass characteristics and nutritive value of meat did not differ among the groups.Conclusion: All the regional sheep have the potentiality but coastal region sheep are more potential than other regional sheep for commercial lamb production in Bangladesh. The results of this study could be exploited by disseminating this to the wider stakeholders to develop entrepreneurship mechanism on sheep farming.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e243

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the lamb production potentiality in terms of nutrient intake and utilization, growth performances, carcass characteristics and meat quality of three regional native sheep under intensive management condition. Materials and methods: A total of 24 growing lambs having 08 lambs from each group with 4 to 6 months of age were used in this study. 40% urea molasses straw (UMS) and 60% concentrate mixture of the total diet were supplied according to lamb body weight. The total feed was offered at 4.0% live weight on dry matter basis of each animal. The completely randomized design was used in this experiment. Results: The dry matter intake was significantly (P [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 37-43]

Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at the municipal abattoir and cattle herds in peri-urban nomadic settlements of Bauchi state of Northeastern Nigeria.Materials and Methods: A total of 2440 cattle slaughtered at the municipal abattoir from June to September were examined for lesions characteristic of bTB and eighty-six (n=86) cows selected from two cattle herds located at temporary nomadic settlements in Bauchi metropolis were also screened for bTB using purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin test. During the study period, total of 2,440 cattle were slaughtered comprising majority of females (n=1656) and males (n=784) as well as of different breeds including majority of White Fulani (n=1864) followed by Red Bororo (n=508) and Sokoto Gudali (n=68).Results: The results revealed that out of the 2,440 slaughtered cattle inspected for tuberculous-like lesions, 51 had lesions suspected to be lesions characteristic of tuberculosis, while 48 were positive for Ziehl-Neelsen. Prevalence rate of 1.96% based on microscopic examination and 2.0% based on suspected gross lesion were recorded. The prevalence was 0.77% for males, 1.2% females, 1.84% for adults, 0.12% for calves and 1.8% for white Fulani (Bunaji), 0.12% for Red Bororo (Rahaji) and 0.04% for Sokoto Gudali (Bokoloji). In addition, screening of 86 cows showed that 8.1% were positive for tuberculosis using tuberculin test.Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed that bTB is still endemic in Bauchi state and this can pose a significant public health challenge. Thus, it is recommended that the government should intensify the test-and-slaughter policy as well as put in place an effective monitoring and surveillance control programs for bTB to mitigate the risks posed to public health by this zoonotic disease in the study area.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e247

Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at the municipal abattoir and cattle herds in peri-urban nomadic settlements of Bauchi state of Northeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 2440 cattle slaughtered at the municipal abattoir from June to September were examined for lesions characteristic of bTB and eighty-six (n=86) cows selected from two cattle herds located at temporary nomadic settlements in Bauchi metropolis were also screened for bTB using purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin test. During the study period, total of 2,440 cattle were slaughtered comprising majority of females (n=1656) and males (n=784) as well as of different breeds including majority of White Fulani (n=1864) followed by Red Bororo (n=508) and Sokoto Gudali (n=68). Results: The results revealed that out of the 2,440 slaughtered cattle inspected for tuberculous-like lesions, 51 had lesions suspected to be lesions characteristic of tuberculosis, while 48 were positive for Ziehl-Neelsen. Prevalence rate of 1.96% based on microscopic examination and 2.0% based on suspected gross lesion were recorded. The prevalence was 0.77% for males, 1.2% females, 1.84% for adults, 0.12% for calves and 1.8% for white Fulani (Bunaji), 0.12% for Red Bororo (Rahaji) and 0.04% for Sokoto Gudali (Bokoloji). In addition, screening of 86 cows showed that 8.1% were positive for tuberculosis using tuberculin test. Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed that bTB is still endemic in Bauchi state and this can pose a significant public health challenge. Thus, it is recommended that the government should intensify the test-and-slaughter policy as well as put in place an effective monitoring and surveillance control programs for bTB to mitigate the risks posed to public health by this zoonotic disease in the study area. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 53-59]

Objective: The present study was aimed to isolate and identify the egg-borne bacteria from different parts of duck eggs such as egg shell (outer and inner), yolk and albumen, and to assess the anti-biogram profile of the isolated bacteria.Materials and methods: A total of 40 samples were collected randomly from different grocery shops of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Campus and Kaowatkhali, Mymensingh. Following necessary preparation, the samples were streaked onto various selective media like Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar (for Salmonella spp.), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) (for E. coli), and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar (for Staphylococcus spp.) respectively for isolation of bacteria. The bacteria were confirmed based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacterial isolates was performed using seven antibiotics (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Kanamycin and Cephalexin) by following disc diffusion method.Results: E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified from the duck egg samples. Prevalence of E coli in outer egg shell was 80%, whereas in inner egg shell and inner egg content, this prevalence was 20% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was 75%, 17.5% and 7.5% in outer egg shell, inner egg shell and inner egg content, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 82.5% in outer egg shell, 22.5% in inner egg shell and 12.5% in inner content of egg. All these three bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin and resistant to Ampicillin and Cephalexin.Conclusion: The duck eggs harbor multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria which may impose public health hazards if these MDR bacteria are transferred to human through food chain.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e253

Objective: The present study was aimed to isolate and identify the egg-borne bacteria from different parts of duck eggs such as egg shell (outer and inner), yolk and albumen, and to assess the anti-biogram profile of the isolated bacteria. Materials and methods: A total of 40 samples were collected randomly from different grocery shops of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Campus and Kaowatkhali, Mymensingh. Following necessary preparation, the samples were streaked onto various selective media like Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar (for Salmonella spp.), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) (for E. coli), and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar (for Staphylococcus spp.) respectively for isolation of bacteria. The bacteria were confirmed based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacterial isolates was performed using seven antibiotics (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Kanamycin and Cephalexin) by following disc diffusion method. Results: E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified from the duck egg samples. Prevalence of E coli in outer egg shell was 80%, whereas in inner egg shell and inner egg content, this prevalence was 20% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was 75%, 17.5% and 7.5% in outer egg shell, inner egg shell and inner egg content, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 82.5% in outer egg shell, 22.5% in inner egg shell and 12.5% in inner content of egg. All these three bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin and resistant to Ampicillin and Cephalexin. Conclusion: The duck eggs harbor multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria which may impose public health hazards if these MDR bacteria are transferred to human through food chain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 110-116]

Objective: A significant number of animals enrolled at UVH regularly from surrounding villages for treating their sick animals, de-worming, vaccination purposes. Therefore, a study was done to define the occurrence of common diseases and disease conditions in cattle and goats at the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Debidwar under Comilla district.Materials and methods: Data on various diseases were collected from the record book of hospital during April 2016 to March 2017. The total number of animals were 889, among which cattle were 637 (71.65%) and goats were 252 (28.35%). The presumptive diagnosis was performed based on general examination, physical examination, and clinical examination of animals, and microscopic examination based on common laboratory techniques.Results: Based on clinical examinations, 14 different types of diseases and disease conditions were detected. In cattle (N=637; 71.65%), where FMD (14.44%, n=92), mastitis  (6.59%, n=42), digestive disorders (19%, n=121), respiratory disorders (6.12%, n=39), parasitic infestations such as mixed infestation of both ecto- and endo-parasites (34.22%, n=218), acidosis (1.88%, n=12), myiasis (6.12%, n=39), corneal opacity (1.57%, n=10), protozoal diseases (1.26%, n=8), BQ (2.20%, n=14), milk fever (0.94%, n=6), reproductive disorders (4.87%, n=31) and others (0.75%, n=5) were detected. Age wise prevalence in young and adult were (38.62%, n=246) and (61.38%, n=391), respectively. Moreover, sex wise prevalence in male and female were (34.85%, n=222) and (65.15%, n=415) respectively. In goat, (N= 252; 28.35%) 11 different types of diseases and  disease conditions such as PPR (12.30%, n=31), mastitis (2.38%, n=6), digestive disorders (19.84%, n=50), parasitic infestation (29.76%, n=75), respiratory disorders (15.08, n=38), myiasis (11.11%, n=28), corneal opacity (4.76%, n=12),  acidosis (1.98%, n=5) protozoal diseases such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis (0.79%, n=2) and reproductive disorders (1.59%, n=4), correspondingly. Sex wise prevalence in male and female goat were (44.05%, n=111) and (55.95%, n=141), respectively.Conclusion: All the diseases and disease conditionswere recorded more or less frequently among all age group of cattle and goats though some of the specific diseases and disease conditionshad specific age and species susceptibility such as black quarter in young cattle and PPR in young goats, respectively. A comprehensive updated data with the total population record of that area and proper analysis is needed to identify the actual level of disease and disease conditions in UVH.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e254

Objective: A significant number of animals enrolled at UVH regularly from surrounding villages for treating their sick animals, de-worming, vaccination purposes. Therefore, a study was done to define the occurrence of common diseases and disease conditions in cattle and goats at the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Debidwar under Comilla district. Materials and methods: Data on various diseases were collected from the record book of hospital during April 2016 to March 2017. The total number of animals were 889, among which cattle were 637 (71.65%) and goats were 252 (28.35%). The presumptive diagnosis was performed based on general examination, physical examination, and clinical examination of animals, and microscopic examination based on common laboratory techniques. Results: Based on clinical examinations, 14 different types of diseases and disease conditions were detected. In cattle (N=637; 71.65%), where FMD (14.44%, n=92), mastitis (6.59%, n=42), digestive disorders (19%, n=121), respiratory disorders (6.12%, n=39), parasitic infestations such as mixed infestation of both ecto- and endo-parasites (34.22%, n=218), acidosis (1.88%, n=12), myiasis (6.12%, n=39), corneal opacity (1.57%, n=10), protozoal diseases (1.26%, n=8), BQ (2.20%, n=14), milk fever (0.94%, n=6), reproductive disorders (4.87%, n=31) and others (0.75%, n=5) were detected. Age wise prevalence in young and adult were (38.62%, n=246) and (61.38%, n=391), respectively. Moreover, sex wise prevalence in male and female were (34.85%, n=222) and (65.15%, n=415) respectively. In goat, (N= 252; 28.35%) 11 different types of diseases and disease conditions such as PPR (12.30%, n=31), mastitis (2.38%, n=6), digestive disorders (19.84%, n=50), parasitic infestation (29.76%, n=75), respiratory disorders (15.08, n=38), myiasis (11.11%, n=28), corneal opacity (4.76%, n=12), acidosis (1.98%, n=5) protozoal diseases such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis (0.79%, n=2) and reproductive disorders (1.59%, n=4), correspondingly. Sex wise prevalence in male and female goat were (44.05%, n=111) and (55.95%, n=141), respectively. Conclusion: All the diseases and disease conditionswere recorded more or less frequently among all age group of cattle and goats though some of the specific diseases and disease conditionshad specific age and species susceptibility such as black quarter in young cattle and PPR in young goats, respectively. A comprehensive updated data with the total population record of that area and proper analysis is needed to identify the actual level of disease and disease conditions in UVH. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 117-122]

Objective: Screening of antibiotic residues in broiler chicken meat and liver collected from farms and local markets in Bangladesh.Materials and methods: A total of 160 samples (breast, thigh muscle and liver) were collected from markets and farms from different region of Bangladesh. PBS buffer system with trichloracetic acid and diethyl ether based sample extraction was performed. For comparison the standard antibiotics; Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Enrofloxacin (ENR), Oxytetracycline (OTC), Amoxicillin (AMOX) and Doxycycline (DOX) were prepared by dissolving in methanol. Samples were pointed on TLC plates transferred to TLC tank containing acetone-methanol (1:1) as mobile phase. Retention factor (Rf) was calculated after observing the chromatograms on UV light at 256 nm. Same Rf value of standard and sample considered similar compound. Results: Liver sample were mostly positive for antibiotics residue followed by thigh muscles and breast muscle. The frequency of antibiotic residues was highest in liver followed by thigh muscles and breast muscle. Among the antibiotics CIP ranked top in all types of sample. In breast muscle highest antibiotic was CIP (39%) followed by DOX (26%), AMOX (24%), OTC (23%) and lowest was ENR (21%). In thigh muscle, 42, 29, 28, 27 and 24% sample was positive for CIP, OTC, DOX, AMOX and ENR, respectively. Highest number of liver samples were shown positive result for all screened antibiotics (CIP-52%, OTC-46%, DOX-43%, AMOX-42% and ENR-36%).Conclusion: This study ascertained those antibiotics residues are present in chicken muscle and liver which causes serious health hazards to consumers. So proper steps should be taken to control emergence of antibiotic resistance in human being as well as in the environment.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e257

Objective: Screening of antibiotic residues in broiler chicken meat and liver collected from farms and local markets in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 160 samples (breast, thigh muscle and liver) were collected from markets and farms from different region of Bangladesh. PBS buffer system with trichloracetic acid and diethyl ether based sample extraction was performed. For comparison the standard antibiotics; Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Enrofloxacin (ENR), Oxytetracycline (OTC), Amoxicillin (AMOX) and Doxycycline (DOX) were prepared by dissolving in methanol. Samples were pointed on TLC plates transferred to TLC tank containing acetone-methanol (1:1) as mobile phase. Retention factor (Rf) was calculated after observing the chromatograms on UV light at 256 nm. Same Rf value of standard and sample considered similar compound. Results: Liver sample were mostly positive for antibiotics residue followed by thigh muscles and breast muscle. The frequency of antibiotic residues was highest in liver followed by thigh muscles and breast muscle. Among the antibiotics CIP ranked top in all types of sample. In breast muscle highest antibiotic was CIP (39%) followed by DOX (26%), AMOX (24%), OTC (23%) and lowest was ENR (21%). In thigh muscle, 42, 29, 28, 27 and 24% sample was positive for CIP, OTC, DOX, AMOX and ENR, respectively. Highest number of liver samples were shown positive result for all screened antibiotics (CIP-52%, OTC-46%, DOX-43%, AMOX-42% and ENR-36%). Conclusion: This study ascertained those antibiotics residues are present in chicken muscle and liver which causes serious health hazards to consumers. So proper steps should be taken to control emergence of antibiotic resistance in human being as well as in the environment. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 140-145]

Objective: The study was carried out to analyze the various phytochemical properties and to determine the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Parkia biglobosa methanolic leaf extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Materials and methods: The phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the methanol extract were conducted using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the P. biglobosa methanolic leaf extract on sheep and human MRSA isolates was investigated by disc diffusion method. The extract was tested at different concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 mg/mL and norfloxacin (10 µg) as control. The MIC/MBC were determined by serial dilution method in broth media.Results: the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids while TLC result revealed 5 spots with retention factor (Rf) values of 0.14, 0.34, 0.42, 0.56 and 0.66 depicting different component using methanol and chloroform at the ratio of 4:1 as solvent system. The diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) of the extract on MRSA isolates cultured on agar plate revealed a dose dependent response. The extract had the highest DIZ average replicate value of 20.66±1.76 against human MRSA isolates and 20.66±1.20 was recorded as highest DIZ on the sheep MRSA isolates. Norfloxacin had the highest DIZ of 20.33±0.57 on sheep MRSA isolates and 20.33±1.52 DIZ against human isolates. MIC/MBC revealed the highest values of 6.25 mg/mL/12.5 mg/mL for both sheep and human MRSA isolates.Conclusion: The susceptibility test of crude methanol extract of P. biglobosa leaf has revealed activity against MRSA. Thereby, attesting to the folkloric claim of using P. biglobosa for ethno-therapeutic purposes against infectious diseases in Nigeria and other places.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e263

Objective: The study was carried out to analyze the various phytochemical properties and to determine the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Parkia biglobosa methanolic leaf extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and methods: The phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the methanol extract were conducted using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the P. biglobosa methanolic leaf extract on sheep and human MRSA isolates was investigated by disc diffusion method. The extract was tested at different concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 mg/mL and norfloxacin (10 µg) as control. The MIC/MBC were determined by serial dilution method in broth media. Results: the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids while TLC result revealed 5 spots with retention factor (Rf) values of 0.14, 0.34, 0.42, 0.56 and 0.66 depicting different component using methanol and chloroform at the ratio of 4:1 as solvent system. The diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) of the extract on MRSA isolates cultured on agar plate revealed a dose dependent response. The extract had the highest DIZ average replicate value of 20.66±1.76 against human MRSA isolates and 20.66±1.20 was recorded as highest DIZ on the sheep MRSA isolates. Norfloxacin had the highest DIZ of 20.33±0.57 on sheep MRSA isolates and 20.33±1.52 DIZ against human isolates. MIC/MBC revealed the highest values of 6.25 mg/mL/12.5 mg/mL for both sheep and human MRSA isolates. Conclusion: The susceptibility test of crude methanol extract of P. biglobosa leaf has revealed activity against MRSA. Thereby, attesting to the folkloric claim of using P. biglobosa for ethno-therapeutic purposes against infectious diseases in Nigeria and other places. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 173-181]