Two hundred samples (cow’s and goat’s milk75 for each,their farm soil 25and 25water samples )from different origin have been cultured on Ashdown selective agar which gave a higher percentage (36.5%)for B. pseudomallei isolation , 64% was observed in farm soil followed by water samples 48% than cow’s milk33.33% and finally the goat’s milk 26.66%. According to L-arabinose biotyping , 39.72% of the B.pseudomallei isolates were positive for arabinose (Arb+) and 60.3% of isolates were negative for arabinose (Arb-).The virulence testing revealed that most bacterial isolates yield haemolysin, protease, lipase and lecithenase in a percentage of 97.3% , 82.2%, 89.04% and 84.9% respectively.The Arb- biotypes were more virulent than Arb+ biotypes with significant differences (P< 0.05).All bacterial isolates were characterized by their ability to form capsule(100%),.This study confirmed the presence of casein proteolytic and necrotizing enzymes in the suspension of B.pseudomallei .Proteins concentration in this suspension was 0.00248 mg/ml .

The current study was conducted to evaluate the hematological and biochemical alteration in German shepherd dogs suffering from bacterial urinary tract infection in Diwanyia City Police Dogs division. The total number of examined cases was 7 cases and three bacterial isolates were detected from urine samples. Of the isolated strains 5 (71.42%) were identified as E.coli, 2 (28.57%) identified as mixed infection with E.coli and Streptococcus spp. Infected animals showed hematuria, fever, depression, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and restlessness. Physical examination of the infected urine showed turbidity and red coloration, furthermore chemical examination indicated the presence of RBCs (hematuria +4), bilirubin, Urobilinogen, leukocytes (+2), protein (+2), nitrate (+1) and the specific gravity is 1.030, glucose was negative in all cases. Crystals (amorphous), epithelial cells and casts of different types have been detected in the microscopic examination of the urine. Moreover results also indicated increase in creatinine and urea values, however there was a decrease in the concentration of K+ (potassium) in serum in case (No.5), mild increase in GGT values in the cases (No.5, 3 and 6) have been indicated. On the other hand triglyceride value showed increase in case (No.3) comparing with other cases. The results revealed that the Hb rates have been increased in case (No.5) compared to the other cases. The results revealed that the percentage of bacteriuria in the affected dogs was (57.14%).

The aim of the present work is to study the skin eyelids of native cattle (ox) with special emphasis on the structures that constituted eyelids, detected types of carbohydrates present in these structures and to compare the results with other studied ruminant. Five pairs of eyelids of healthy local ox used for histological and histochemical study. The present works included four areas upper eyelids, lower eyelids , medial canthus and lateral canthus of each eyelid. Eyelids covered internally by palpebral conjunctiva with goblet cells and covered externally by the skin. There was a significant increase on thickness of epidermis and corneal layers of the lower eyelid areas. Dermis included tarsal plate (large amount of collagen fibers, moderate amount of elastic fibers) with many sections of orbicularis muscle and scattered bundle of Müllerś muscle. Eye lash follicle varies in extension and diameter, arranged in double or triple rows. The follicle of eyelashes devoid of arrector pili muscle. They were many types of glands accompanied eyelash follicle, *glands of Zeis (small sebaceous glands) that have a significant difference especially on lower eyelid areas ,** gland of moll; (apocrine sweat glands) that revealed a significant difference in their dimension between lateral canthus , upper eyelid and lower eyelid areas , these glands began near the basement membrane of the upper eyelids . There are modified multilobulated sebaceous glands; Tarsal glands or meibomian glands; that are well developed on the upper eyelids and near the surface of the skin in the same area. Each tarsal gland empty their secretion onto the surface of the eyelid through a duct lined with typical stratified squamous epithelium, ducts vary in extension, they were deeper in the upper eyelids than other studied areas. Histochemistry study revealed a moderate amount of carboxylated glycoprotein in ground substance of eyelids; eye lashes follicle, tarsal gland and gland of moll, while goblet cells revealed strong reaction with carboxylated and neutral glycoproteins. Negative reaction for glycogen, sulphated glycoproteins , sulphated or carboxylated glycosaminoglycans in all studied areas.

The present study assessed the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in diarrhea patients ,beef, and raw milk. A total of 675 samples were inoculated in trypticase soy broth to enhance the growth of E. coli O157:H7. Out of total samples 73.5% isolated as E. coli then cultured on Sorbitol MacConkey agar ,31.8% non fermenting sorbitol (NSF) E. coli colonies were isolated and confirmed by specific biochemical tests . From NSFEC 13.7% were diagnosed as E.coli O157:H7 by serological test ,the result revealed no significant differences in the level of contamination with E. coli O157:H7 between beef ,stool and milk .The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic susceptibility test which showed resistance 100% to cephalothin ,cefoxitin , cefixime, trimethoprim , amoxicillin, azithromycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and sensitive 100% to ciprofloxacin ,imepenim ,nitrofurantion gentamycin and amikacin . No major differences in antibiotic susceptibility patterns among the isolates were observed.

Our experiment used ( 12 ) female rabbits divided into three groups every group have ( 4 ) rabbits were studied for their wound healing properties in the form of ointment, using one type wound models (full thickness incisional wounds) .The ointments of oil extraction of coconut were applied in concentration 5mg used in the present study. The pathological examination into 3rd days of treated wound shows, there are a little hemorrhagic area ,inflammatory cells are more in number, ,plasma cells are high in numbers and very little neutrophils ,cloudy swelling in skin cells ,and hemorrhages into dermis compared with a control wound that show first stage of healing presence of hemorrhagic area and congestion ,slight inflammatory cells infiltration neutrophils, collagen fibers , and skin cells . While after 7th days the treated wound shows absence of hemorrhagic area , presence of inflammatory cells especially macrophage cells ,plasma cells . Absence of neutrophils, granulation tissue and growth of layer, new blood vessels and bundles of collagens and re-epithelization compared with a control wound that showed a clot into hemorrhagic area , granulation tissue and growth of skin layers , bundles of collagens, vacuolated skin cells, epithelial cells, plasma cells, macrophage cells, and neutrophils debris . After 14th days the treated wounds show debris of granulation tissue, excessive collagen bundles, with epithelial cells remodeling and macrophages found in the area while control wound showed little hemorrhagic area ,the stratum cranium formation , absorption of granulation tissue ,and vacuolated skin cells . There is a little macrophage into the margin of the wound. Aimed of my study to study the effect of coconut oil extract on the healing of skin wounds .The work of this research into Pathology and poultry diseases department -Veterinary Medicine college .

Objective: To determine the prevalence of selected virulence genes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic neonatal calves. Sample: 97 E coli isolates from diarrheic neonatal calves. Procedures: E coli isolates were tested via PCR assay for 6 virulence genes and susceptibility to 17 drugs belonging to 9 classes. A 2-sample test of proportions was used to make comparisons between proportions of virulent and avirulent MDR isolates. Results: 23 of 97 (23.7%) isolates were virulent, and 74 (76.3%) were avirulent. Of the 23 virulent isolates, 15 (65.2%) were positive for K99, 14 (60.9%) for F41, 12 (52.2%) for STa, 9 (39.1%) for Stx1, 6 (26.1%) for intimin, and 0 (0%) for Stx2. Twenty of 23 (87.0%) virulent isolates expressed ≥ 2 virulence genes, and 3 of 23 (13.0%) were positive for 1 virulence factor. Eight of 23 (34.8%) virulent isolates expressed STa, K99, and F41, whereas 1 of 23 (4.4%) was positive for STa, F41, intimin, and Stx1. The second most frequent gene pattern was Stx1 and intimin. Twenty of 23 (87.0%) virulent isolates were MDR; the highest prevalence of resistance was recorded for the macrolide-lincosides, followed by the tetracyclines and penicillins. Also, 17 of 23 (74.0%) virulent isolates were resistant to sulfadimethoxine, and 10 of 23 (43.5%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, 60 of 74 (81.0%) avirulent isolates were MDR. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The prevalence of multidrug resistance was comparable for virulent and avirulent E coli isolated from diarrheic neonatal calves. Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides had reasonable susceptibility.

Objective: To perform repeated anterior chamber fluorophotometry on both eyes of ophthalmologically normal dogs to measure fluorescein concentrations over a 5-day period and identify any change in the degree of anterior chamber fluorescence over time or difference between eyes. Animals: 9 healthy adult dogs (18 eyes). Procedures: Each dog received an IV injection of 10% fluorescein solution, and anterior chamber fluorophotometry was performed 1 hour later on both eyes. This procedure was repeated at the same time each day for 5 consecutive days. Results: A significant increase in fluorescein concentration was evident in the anterior chamber on day 5 in the right eye and days 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the left eye. There was no significant difference in concentration between the left and the right eyes on any day. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The increase in ocular fluorescein concentration in the study dogs was unlikely to be of clinical importance and is only pertinent for subsequent research studies. This is a limitation that should be considered when reporting fluorophotometry data as fluorescein concentration or as change in fluorescein concentration from baseline.

Objective: To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni). Animals: 26 outdoor-housed Hermann's tortoises (13 males and 13 females); body weight ranged from 255 to 2,310 g, and age ranged from 4 to > 50 years. Procedures: After a preliminary ophthalmic evaluation was performed, IOP was measured by means of a rebound tonometer in both eyes of each tortoise. Three measurements were obtained for each eye; successive measurements were obtained from alternate eyes. Each measurement was based on the mean of 6 values automatically provided by the rebound tonometer. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate correlations between variables and to identify sex- or size-related IOP variations, and changes in IOP over multiple measurements. Results: Mean ± SEM IOP of the 52 eyes was 15.74 ± 0.20 mm Hg (range, 9 to 22 mm Hg). Results for t tests did not reveal significant differences in IOP between the right and left eyes or between males and females. A significant moderate negative correlation (r = −0.41; r2 = 0.169) between IOP and body weight was detected. Results of repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant increase in IOP over multiple measurements. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Rebound tonometry was a practical and rapid means of determining IOP in small- to medium-sized tortoises that required minimal manual restraint of the animals. Establishing IOP values in healthy Hermann's tortoises will provide a reference frame for use during complete ophthalmic examinations, thus allowing clinicians to diagnose a broader spectrum of ocular pathological conditions in tortoises.

Objective: To compare mitochondrial complex I and complex IV activity in myocardial mitochondria of clinically normal dogs, clinically normal dogs exposed to inhalation anesthesia, and dogs affected with dilated cardiomyopathy. Sample: Myocardial samples obtained from 21 euthanized dogs (6 clinically normal [control] dogs, 5 clinically normal dogs subjected to inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane prior to euthanasia, 5 dogs with juvenile-onset dilated cardiomyopathy, and 5 dogs with adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy). Procedures: Activity of mitochondrial complex I and complex IV was assayed spectrophotometrically in isolated mitochondria from left ventricular tissue obtained from the 4 groups of dogs. Results: Activity of complex I and complex IV was significantly decreased in anesthetized dogs, compared with activities in the control dogs and dogs with juvenile-onset or adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Inhalation anesthesia disrupted the electron transport chain in the dogs, which potentially led to an outburst of reactive oxygen species that caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhalation anesthesia depressed mitochondrial function in dogs, similar to results reported in other species. This effect is important to consider when anesthetizing animals with myocardial disease and suggested that antioxidant treatments may be beneficial in some animals. Additionally, this effect should be considered when designing studies in which mitochondrial enzyme activity will be measured. Additional studies that include a larger number of animals are warranted.

Objective: To determine whether butorphanol induces thermal antinociception in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and assess the human observer effect on quantitative evaluation of butorphanol-induced analgesia. Animals: 6 juvenile green iguanas. Procedures: Skin temperature was recorded, and then a direct increasing heat stimulus was applied to the lateral aspect of the tail base of each iguana. Temperature of the stimulus at which the iguana responded (thermal threshold) was measured before and for 8 hours after IM injection of either butorphanol tartrate (1.0 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Six experiments (butorphanol [n = 3] and saline solution [3]) were conducted with the observer in the iguanas' field of vision, and 11 experiments (butorphanol [n = 5] and saline solution [6]) were conducted with the observer hidden from their view. The interval between treatments or tests was ≥ 1 month. Results: Temperature difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature when iguanas were administered saline solution did not differ from temperature difference when iguanas were administered butorphanol regardless of whether the observer was or was not visible. Temperature difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature was significantly lower when iguanas were tested without the observer in visual range, compared with the findings obtained when iguanas were tested with an observer in view, at multiple times after either treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Intramuscular administration of 1.0 mg of butorphanol/kg did not induce thermal antinociception in juvenile green iguanas. The visible presence of an observer appeared to influence the results of noxious stimulus testing in this reptile species.