O presente trabalho avaliou a viabilidade econômica do projeto de produção industrial de dietas completas para aespécie equina, utilizando três fontes de fibra (rolão de milho ou capim elefante desidratado ou feno de Tifton 85)submetidas a dois tipos de tratamento térmico (peletização ou extrusão). Foram realizados o levantamento e elaboraçãode custos desde a produção agrícola do volumoso até a comercialização do produto final. Foram propostos três cenárioscomparativos: S1 – preço base da dieta completa (ingredientes fornecidos ao mesmo tempo, porém, separadamente);S2 – preço de S1 mais 10%; S3 – preço de S1 mais 20%. A Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e o Valor Presente Líquido(VPL) foram os indicadores de rentabilidade. O Payback simples foi utilizado para verificar o tempo de retorno doinvestimento. Foi realizada análise de sensibilidade para identificar os itens que mais influenciaram os resultadoseconômicos. O Payback simples variou de um a seis anos. Os maiores valores de TIR (>100% a.a) e VPL foram obtidospara as dietas extrusadas no cenário 3. Apenas a dieta peletizada contendo feno de Tifton 85 no cenário 1 não foi viáveleconomicamente, apresentando TIR negativa. Os insumos compõem o item de maior oneração no processo produtivo(média de 89%). Exceto para dieta peletizada contendo feno de Tifton 85 no cenário 1, os demais projetos apresentamTIR acima da taxa média de atratividade sendo considerados viáveis economicamente. | This study evaluated the economic viability of industrial production of complete diets for equine species, using threesources of fiber (dehydrated whole corn plant, dehydrated elephant grass, or Tifton 85 hay) submitted to two typesof thermal processing (pelleting or extrusion). A survey and elaboration of costs from the agricultural production ofroughage to the commercialization of the final product was conducted. Three scenarios were compared: S1 – basalprice of complete diet (ingredients supplied together, but purchased separately); S2 – price of S1 plus 10%; S3 – priceof S1 plus 20%. Profitability indicators applied were internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). Simplepayback was used to verify return on investment time. Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the items thatmost influence the economic results. Simple payback ranged from one to six years. The highest values of IRR (>100%per year) and NPV were obtained for the extruded diets in scenario 3. Only the pelletized diet containing Tifton 85 hayin scenario 1 was not economically feasible, presenting negative IRR. The inputs make up the item with the greatestburden on the production process (mean 89%). Except for pelletized diet containing Tifton 85 hay in scenario 1, theother projects present IRR above the minimum attractiveness rate (MAR) and were considered economically feasible.

This study evaluated the economic viability of industrial production of complete diets for equine species, using three sources of fiber (dehydrated whole corn plant, dehydrated elephant grass, or Tifton 85 hay) submitted to two types of thermal processing (pelleting or extrusion). A survey and elaboration of costs from the agricultural production of roughage to the commercialization of the final product was conducted. Three scenarios were compared: S1 – basal price of complete diet (ingredients supplied together, but purchased separately); S2 – price of S1 plus 10%; S3 – price of S1 plus 20%. Profitability indicators applied were internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). Simple payback was used to verify return on investment time. Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the items that most influence the economic results. Simple payback ranged from one to six years. The highest values of IRR (>100% per year) and NPV were obtained for the extruded diets in scenario 3. Only the pelletized diet containing Tifton 85 hay in scenario 1 was not economically feasible, presenting negative IRR. The inputs make up the item with the greatest burden on the production process (mean 89%). Except for pelletized diet containing Tifton 85 hay in scenario 1, the other projects present IRR above the minimum attractiveness rate (MAR) and were considered economically feasible.

Objective: The study was aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of mixed vegetable sal­ads and to understand the risk related with its consumption from different restaurants around Bangladesh Agricultural University campus in Mymensingh. Materials and Methods: Sixty (60) samples of mixed vegetable salads were taken from twelve (12) different restaurants in five different time points from each restaurant. In parallel, restaurant workers were asked for handling practices while the consumers were interviewed about their salad consumption pattern and whether they had experienced any health-related problems. Microbial risk assessment of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli was esti­mated by Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations), an exponential model. Results: Aerobic plate count was ranged from 7.73 ± 0.61 to 9.04 ± 0.26 log cfu/gm, Staphylococcus spp. from 4.64 ± 0.61 to 6.42 ± 0.53 log cfu/gm, Salmonella spp. from 4.75 ± 0.08 to 5.27 ± 0.53 log cfu/gm, and E. coli from 4.98 ± 0.20 to 6.66 ± 0.80 log cfu/gm. From the survey, it was found that total consumers had 18% chances where the male had 13% and the female had 30% chances of being infected with salads. Again frequent, average, and occasional consumers had 31%, 13%, and 0% chances, respectively, of being infected with those salads. From the Monte Carlo simulation, the calculated mean annual risks of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli infection for the three exposure scenarios were found to be about 100%. Conclusion: The study actually revealed the potential microbial contamination in mixed vegetable salads which may impact on food safety and human health. So, the findings suggest that following hygienic measures during processing and handling the microbiological quality of mixed vegetables salads can be improved. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 34-41, March 2020

Objective: The study was aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of mixed vegetable salads and to understand the risk related with its consumption from different restaurants around Bangladesh Agricultural University campus in Mymensingh. Materials and Methods: Sixty (60) samples of mixed vegetable salads were taken from twelve (12) different restaurants in five different time points from each restaurant. In parallel, restaurant workers were asked for handling practices while the consumers were interviewed about their salad consumption pattern and whether they had experienced any health-related problems. Microbial risk assessment of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli was esti¬mated by Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations), an exponential model. Results: Aerobic plate count was ranged from 7.73 ± 0.61 to 9.04 ± 0.26 log cfu/gm, Staphylococcus spp. from 4.64 ± 0.61 to 6.42 ± 0.53 log cfu/gm, Salmonella spp. from 4.75 ± 0.08 to 5.27 ± 0.53 log cfu/gm, and E. coli from 4.98 ± 0.20 to 6.66 ± 0.80 log cfu/gm. From the survey, it was found that total consumers had 18% chances where the male had 13% and the female had 30% chances of being infected with salads. Again frequent, average, and occasional consumers had 31%, 13%, and 0% chances, respectively, of being infected with those salads. From the Monte Carlo simulation, the calculated mean annual risks of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli infection for the three exposure scenarios were found to be about 100%. Conclusion: The study actually revealed the potential microbial contamination in mixed vegetable salads which may impact on food safety and human health. So, the findings suggest that following hygienic measures during processing and handling the microbiological quality of mixed vegetables salads can be improved. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 34-41]

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of newly developed multi­component ear drops for the treatment of otitis caused by parasites, bacteria, and fungi in dogs, cats, ferrets, fancy rabbits, and foxes. Materials and Methods: A new drug for veterinary use was developed that contained levofloxacin hemihydrate (0.3%), clotrimazole (0.1%), dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.1%), and mox­idectin (0.01%). In the initial stage of otoacariasis (or the ear form of psoroptic scab), the drug was used twice with an interval of 5–7 days. When otoacariasis (psoroptic scab) was complicated by otitis of bacterial and/or fungal etiology, the drug was used as follows: instilled once a day, within 10–14 days in the ear canal for 2–5 drops of the drug. The study of therapeutic efficacy was per­formed on cats, dogs, ferrets, foxes, and fancy rabbits with ear pathology. Results: The recovery of cats, ferrets, dogs, and foxes after the double use of ear drops during otoacariasis was established. In the ear form of psoroptic scab in fancy rabbits after treatment, Psoroptes cuniculi mites were not detected. The specific (antimicrobial and antifungal) activity of the drug was confirmed in vivo using the following scheme of drug use: the drug was instilled once a day, within 10–14 days in the ear canal, 2–5 drops of the drug in animals with external otitis and otitis media. Conclusion: The rational combination of active components developed in this study is effective and safe for use in animals with microbial diseases of the ears. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 115-126, March 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of newly developed multi¬component ear drops for the treatment of otitis caused by parasites, bacteria, and fungi in dogs, cats, ferrets, fancy rabbits, and foxes. Materials and Methods: A new drug for veterinary use was developed that contained levofloxacin hemihydrate (0.3%), clotrimazole (0.1%), dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.1%), and mox¬idectin (0.01%). In the initial stage of otoacariasis (or the ear form of psoroptic scab), the drug was used twice with an interval of 57 days. When otoacariasis (psoroptic scab) was complicated by otitis of bacterial and/or fungal etiology, the drug was used as follows: instilled once a day, within 1014 days in the ear canal for 25 drops of the drug. The study of therapeutic efficacy was per¬formed on cats, dogs, ferrets, foxes, and fancy rabbits with ear pathology. Results: The recovery of cats, ferrets, dogs, and foxes after the double use of ear drops during otoacariasis was established. In the ear form of psoroptic scab in fancy rabbits after treatment, Psoroptes cuniculi mites were not detected. The specific (antimicrobial and antifungal) activity of the drug was confirmed in vivo using the following scheme of drug use: the drug was instilled once a day, within 1014 days in the ear canal, 25 drops of the drug in animals with external otitis and otitis media. Conclusion: The rational combination of active components developed in this study is effective and safe for use in animals with microbial diseases of the ears. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 115-126]

Objective: Liver neoplasms are problematic among small domestic animals. The etiological cause of hepatocellular carcinomas in domestic animals is still unknown although it is believed that chronic infections and toxic substances can affect the development of this type of tumor. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and morphological characteristics of canine hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and methods: In total, 6,958 cancer operations were performed in the clinic. Liver tumors were detected in 123 dogs in vivo and 375 dogs postmortem. All animals with suspected liver neoplasm were assessed, including history, clinical examination, complete blood count, biochemical blood tests, radiographic examination, and ultrasound with a biopsy for performing cytological and histological analyses. Results: Hepatocellular carcinomas have nonspecific clinical manifestations, also a characteristic aspect of other tumors of the hepatobiliary system. The hematological changes have an impact on the prognosis, and biochemical abnormalities reflect the changes in liver activity. The cytological diagnosis of hepatocellular tumors is difficult because of hepatocyte atypia in highly differentiated carcinomas. Finally, a histological examination was performed in all the dogs diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: Hematological changes in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma affect their prognosis. Biochemical abnormalities of this pathology reflect the changes in liver activity, not indicating a specific pathology. However, an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase is an unfavorable prognostic sign. In this study, five of seven dogs with a tumor size of more than 5.0 cm had a life expectancy of 30, 51, and 91 days, suggesting that the size of the tumor is an adverse prognostic factor. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 127-132, March 2020

Objective: Liver neoplasms are problematic among small domestic animals. The etiological cause of hepatocellular carcinomas in domestic animals is still unknown although it is believed that chronic infections and toxic substances can affect the development of this type of tumor. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and morphological characteristics of canine hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and methods: In total, 6,958 cancer operations were performed in the clinic. Liver tumors were detected in 123 dogs in vivo and 375 dogs postmortem. All animals with suspected liver neoplasm were assessed, including history, clinical examination, complete blood count, biochemical blood tests, radiographic examination, and ultrasound with a biopsy for performing cytological and histological analyses. Results: Hepatocellular carcinomas have nonspecific clinical manifestations, also a characteristic aspect of other tumors of the hepatobiliary system. The hematological changes have an impact on the prognosis, and biochemical abnormalities reflect the changes in liver activity. The cytological diagnosis of hepatocellular tumors is difficult because of hepatocyte atypia in highly differenti¬ated carcinomas. Finally, a histological examination was performed in all the dogs diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: Hematological changes in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma affect their prognosis. Biochemical abnormalities of this pathology reflect the changes in liver activity, not indicating a specific pathology. However, an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase is an unfavorable prognostic sign. In this study, five of seven dogs with a tumor size of more than 5.0 cm had a life expectancy of 30, 51, and 91 days, suggesting that the size of the tumor is an adverse prognostic factor. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 127-132]

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the frequency and prevalence of clinical con­ditions and their treatment, especially antibiotics in dogs and cats. Materials and Methods: A period of 12-month retrospective study was conducted at the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 849 cases, including 488(57.5%) and 361 (42.5%) dogs and cats respectively, were in account to espy the clinical conditions. Season, age, sex, and breed were the parameters to analyze the prevalence of those clinical conditions. Results: From the study, it was found that the endoparasitic infestation was highly frequent in both dog and cat (55% in dogs and 59% in cats). The endoparasitic infestation was highly preva­lent in cats (91.53%) significantly (p = 0.003), which were ≤1 year of age. On the other hand, the ectoparasitic infestation was found prevalent significantly (p = 0.06) in the winter than any season and dewormed dogs (p = 0.03). Prevalence of canine parvovirus infection in dogs and wound in cats were substantially higher (p < 0.001 and p=0.05 respectively) in the winter whereas the prev­alence of myiasis in dogs was prominent in the rainy season significantly (p = 0.01). The mostly used antibiotic was ceftriaxone (9.5% in dogs and 4% in cats). Conclusion: Different endoparasitic, ectoparasitic, and infectious diseases found prone to infect pet animals, mainly dogs, and cats. By maintaining proper anthelmintics and vaccine shots may act as a prevention procedure to those infections. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 156-163, March 2020

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the frequency and prevalence of clinical conditions and their treatment, especially antibiotics in dogs and cats. Materials and Methods: A period of 12-month retrospective study was conducted at the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 849 cases, including 488(57.5%) and 361 (42.5%) dogs and cats respectively, were in account to espy the clinical conditions. Season, age, sex, and breed were the parameters to analyze the prevalence of those clinical conditions. Results: From the study, it was found that the endoparasitic infestation was highly frequent in both dog and cat (55% in dogs and 59% in cats). The endoparasitic infestation was highly prevalent in cats (91.53%) significantly (p = 0.003), which were ≤1 year of age. On the other hand, the ectoparasitic infestation was found prevalent significantly (p = 0.06) in the winter than any season and dewormed dogs (p = 0.03). Prevalence of canine parvovirus infection in dogs and wound in cats were substantially higher (p < 0.001 and p=0.05 respectively) in the winter whereas the prevalence of myiasis in dogs was prominent in the rainy season significantly (p = 0.01). The mostly used antibiotic was ceftriaxone (9.5% in dogs and 4% in cats). Conclusion: Different endoparasitic, ectoparasitic, and infectious diseases found prone to infect pet animals, mainly dogs, and cats. By maintaining proper anthelmintics and vaccine shots may act as a prevention procedure to those infections. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 156-163]

Objective: This paper presents the obtained result of a study that realizes to associate a set of real and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotypes to the rear udder height in Holstein cows. Materials and methods: Forty-six Holstein cows from an arid zone of Mexico were phenotyped and genotyped for this study. Blood samples were used for DNA extraction, genotyping was per­formed with the Illumina BovineLD Bead chip which interrogates 6,912 SNPs genome-wide, and imputation was performed using the Findhap software. After QC filters, a total of 22,251 high quality and informative SNPs were inspected. Results: The results showed the detection of 76 significant SNPs throughout the complete genome. Significant SNPs fall inside 111 Quantitative Loci Traits related to protein percentage, milk yield, and fat, among others, in chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, and 29. Similarly, results confirm that a genotype imputation is a convenient option for genome-wide covering when selecting economic traits with low-density real SNP panels. Conclusion: This study contributes to establishing a low-cost and profitable strategy for applying genomic selection in developing countries. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 234-241, June 2020

Objective: This paper presents the obtained result of a study that realizes to associate a set of real and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotypes to the rear udder height in Holstein cows. Materials and methods: Forty-six Holstein cows from an arid zone of Mexico were phenotyped and genotyped for this study. Blood samples were used for DNA extraction, genotyping was per¬formed with the Illumina BovineLD Bead chip which interrogates 6,912 SNPs genome-wide, and imputation was performed using the Findhap software. After QC filters, a total of 22,251 high quality and informative SNPs were inspected. Results: The results showed the detection of 76 significant SNPs throughout the complete genome. Significant SNPs fall inside 111 Quantitative Loci Traits related to protein percentage, milk yield, and fat, among others, in chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, and 29. Similarly, results confirm that a genotype imputation is a convenient option for genome-wide covering when selecting economic traits with low-density real SNP panels. Conclusion: This study contributes to establishing a low-cost and profitable strategy for applying genomic selection in developing countries. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 234-241]

Objective: The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effect of different food sources on the growth and reproduction performances of an epigeic earthworm Perionyxexcavatus. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in 18 cylindrical plastic containers for 10 weeks. The study was designed with six treatments, each having three replicates. In control treat­ment (T1), cow dung was used as the only food source for the earthworm. In another five treat­ments, water hyacinth (T2), chopped banana plant trunk (T3), vegetable scrap (T4), paddy straw (T5), and sugarcane bagasse (T6) were used as food sources with cow dung as bedding material. Results: The maximum weight gain of earthworm P. excavatuswas 3,294.7 ± 4.5 mg for the food staff of vegetable scrap (T4). Earthworm P. excavatusfed with chopped banana plant trunk (T3) showed a very similar weight gain of 3,243.7 ± 3.8 mg. On the contrary, the minimum weight gain was 1,799.7 ± 3.5 mg for the food staff of paddy straw (T5). The maximum cocoon number of 137.33 ± 6.46 mg was observed in T3, whereas a minimum number of 36.67 ± 4.16 mg in T1. The highest number of hatchlings (12.33 ± 0.88 mg) was recorded in treatment T3, whereas the least number of hatchling (5.00 ± 0.58 mg) was observed in T1. Conclusion: It was concluded that, among the six different food sources, chopped banana plant trunk was preferable food source to the earthworm for growth and reproduction. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 331-337, June 2020

Objective: The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effect of different food sources on the growth and reproduction performances of an epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in 18 cylindrical plastic containers for 10 weeks. The study was designed with six treatments, each having three replicates. In control treat¬ment (T1), cow dung was used as the only food source for the earthworm. In another five treat¬ments, water hyacinth (T2), chopped banana plant trunk (T3), vegetable scrap (T4), paddy straw (T5), and sugarcane bagasse (T6) were used as food sources with cow dung as bedding material. Results: The maximum weight gain of earthworm P. excavatus was 3,294.7 ± 4.5 mg for the food staff of vegetable scrap (T4). Earthworm P. excavatus fed with chopped banana plant trunk (T3) showed a very similar weight gain of 3,243.7 ± 3.8 mg. On the contrary, the minimum weight gain was 1,799.7 ± 3.5 mg for the food staff of paddy straw (T5). The maximum cocoon number of 137.33 ± 6.46 mg was observed in T3, whereas a minimum number of 36.67 ± 4.16 mg in T1. The highest number of hatchlings (12.33 ± 0.88 mg) was recorded in treatment T3, whereas the least number of hatchling (5.00 ± 0.58 mg) was observed in T1. Conclusion: It was concluded that, among the six different food sources, chopped banana plant trunk was preferable food source to the earthworm for growth and reproduction. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 331-337]

Objective: The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship level of oxytocin released and the tactile stimulation of the cervix in Holstein cattle from the northwestern arid regions in México.  Materials and Methods: The cervixes of 10 Holstein Friesian dairy cows in mid-lactation were manually stimulated for 60 sec. Oxytocin released in the blood was analyzed before and after stimulation. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used in the analysis to make oxytocin detectable by spectrometry techniques and by converting the luminescence absorbance of each sample into pg per mol.  Results: The study revealed that tactile stimulation of the cervix increased oxytocin levels. The highest increase in oxytocin level was 10,940.8222 pg/mol, while the lowest increase in oxytocin level was 1,830.94254 pg/mol. Besides, the milk production by tactile stimulation of the cervix had a higher milk yield and a p-value of 9.4 × 10−4 (p < 0.05) in comparison to the monthly average without tactile stimulation.  Conclusion: Tactile stimulation of the cervix activates the Ferguson reflex and increases the oxyto­cin released in the blood and increases the milk released from the alveolar glands. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 608-613, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g458

Objective: The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship level of oxytocin released and the tactile stimulation of the cervix in Holstein cattle from the northwestern arid regions in Mexico. Materials and Methods: The cervixes of 10 Holstein Friesian dairy cows in mid-lactation were manually stimulated for 60 sec. Oxytocin released in the blood was analyzed before and after stimulation. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used in the analysis to make oxytocin detectable by spectrometry techniques and by converting the luminescence absorbance of each sample into pg per mol. Results: The study revealed that tactile stimulation of the cervix increased oxytocin levels. The highest increase in oxytocin level was 10,940.8222 pg/mol, while the lowest increase in oxytocin level was 1,830.94254 pg/mol. Besides, the milk production by tactile stimulation of the cervix had a higher milk yield and a p-value of 9.4 × 10−4 (p < 0.05) in comparison to the monthly average without tactile stimulation. Conclusion: Tactile stimulation of the cervix activates the Ferguson reflex and increases the oxyto¬cin released in the blood and increases the milk released from the alveolar glands. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 608-613]