A five week feeding study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of calcium, available phosphorus (AP) on broiler performance, carcass traits and deposition of calcium and phosphorus in serum and tibia of broiler chickens. Two hundred and fifty two one day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. The birds were weighed and assigned to equal nine treatment groups: three calcium to phosphorus ratios were used, 2:1, 1.75:1, and 1.5:1, there were three different values of available phosphorus for each calcium into phosphorus ratio according to the feeding stage. Each treatment had four replicates and each replicate contained seven chicks. The results showed that during starter stage, performance at available phosphorus 0.5% and 0.45% were significantly higher than that of 0.4% regardless of calcium levels for body weight, body weight gain and high feed intake, but during the finisher period, there was no significant difference between treatments. Treatment with Ca level 1.5 and AP 0.4% is the same result of treatment with Ca level 2 and AP 0.5%in all stages. Treatment with Ca level 1.75 and AP 0.35% showed the highest serum ALT, Ca and P measurements and non-significant changes  in treatments with AP 0.4. AST and creatinine in treatments with AP 0.3% showed significant decreases compared to treatments with AP 0.4%. Increasing of Ca level and P availability resulted in decreased Ca levels in ash in all stages. Increasing P availability resulted in decreased P levels in all stages. Phosphorus availability 0.4% showed high significant differences from AP 0.3% in weight, eviscerated, dressing and breast. Drumstick and thigh in all treatments were the same except the high Ca level 1.5 with AP 0.35% and Ca level 2 with AP 0.3%, which showed the lowest significant difference from other treatments. It could be concluded that calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) utilization at low rate with low available phosphorus could be effective.

The aim of this study was to examine viruses associated with gastrointestinal illnesses in ducks collected from four governorates in Egypt (Sharkia, Gharbia, Dakahlia, and Qaliobia) during 2021-2022. These ducks underwent comprehensive clinical examinations and post-mortem analyses. All the flocks exhibited various forms of diarrhea. Additionally, 59.5% of the duck flocks manifested respiratory symptoms, while 57 % showed uneven growth, locomotory dysfunction (42.8%). Post-mortem findings consistently included enteritis in all examined flocks. To directly identify viruses associated with digestive illnesses, 42 aseptic intestine samples were obtained from recently deceased or sacrificed ducks. PCR analysis identified four positive samples out of the 42 (9.5%), with one containing Avian Rotavirus (AvRV) and three carrying Muscovy Duck Parvovirus (MDPV). Additionally, histopathological examination of the liver and intestine from PCR-positive flocks showed findings consistent with those typically observed in MDPV infections. This study concluded that the primary viruses associated with digestive illnesses in Egyptian ducks are MDPV and AvRV. Importantly, this research represents the first-ever detection of Rotavirus in ducks in Egypt.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is accountable for causing one of the most contagious avian diseases in poultry, resulting in substantial financial losses worldwide. Both genotype I and II vaccines are commonly used for live NDV vaccination, particularly in broiler flocks. Recent years have witnessed a significant surge in the number of Newcastle disease outbreaks in Egyptian poultry broiler flocks, demonstrating the evolving nature of NDV infections and raising concerns regarding the effectiveness of existing NDV vaccination programs. In our study, a total of 200 one-day-old commercial chicks were divided into six groups, including unvaccinated group and five vaccinated groups. To assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of commonly used NDV vaccines against the prevalent Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus (vvNDV), The birds were administered live vaccines LaSota (Genotype II) and I2 (Genotype I) either as a single booster or a double booster after the initial priming with the HB1 vaccine. The comparative protective efficiency of all vaccine regimens assessment was based on clinical evaluation, observation of survival rates, and examination of viral shedding following vvNDV challenge. We also, evaluated the immune response to live vaccination by weekly monitoring of IgG specific antibodies’ levels in test sera.  Our findings validated that the use of multiple live NDV vaccines can offer protection against the clinical symptoms of velogenic NDV, enhance protective immunity, and reduce the virus shedding after a challenge. The inclusion of heat stable I2 vaccine could be precious in the view of earth heating and weather change.

Cancer is a growing threat to human and animal health, The use of synthetic chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer is short because of lack of appropriate safety due to their drastic side effects. So, this study evaluated the ameliorative effect of Chrysanthemum on genotoxicity as well as renal and hepatic toxicity of Capecitabine (xeloda), as a model of anticancer drug. Thirty six male albino rat were divided into 6 groups. Serum samples were taken at 21 and 45 days and bone marrow samples at 45 days. Comet assay, biochemical tests for liver and kidney functions were done also serum oxidative biomarker were measured. The results of the present study revealed that capecitabine (xeloda) caused harmful genotoxic effect, biochemical changes in oxidative biomarkers, liver and kidney function, however the use of capecitabine (xeloda) in combination with Chrysanthemum ameliorated these changes especially with high dose. In conclusion, capecitabine adverse effects could be successfully alleviated through the co-administration of the natural antioxidant Chrysanthemum.

Coxiella burnetii is a highly infectious bacterium responsible for causing Q fever, an emerging public health problem of global concern and the cause of severe economic losses in livestock farming. Many species can be asymptomatic carriers and shed this bacterium in various secretions and excreta. Humans can acquire the infection mainly through environmental contamination due to bacterial shedding of infected animals, and through tick-borne or foodborne transmissions. If this agent is aerosolized, it is considered a potential biological weapon. Advanced molecular and serological diagnostic techniques for Q fever over the last decade have made it possible to detect clinical cases and carry out population screening effectively. There needs to be more research on C. burnetii control in wildlife despite the increasing evidence that wildlife is a source of C. burnetii for both domestic animals and humans. Birds can transmit this pathogen directly or indirectly to other animals or humans, but data about the spreading of C. burnetii in avian populations still need to be available. The present work aimed to revise the literature about the involvement of wild birds in the epidemiology of Q fever in Europe. Reports of this pathogenic agent in wild birds in European countries since 2007 were considered.

Trypanosomiasis in camels is a worldwide major clinical problem. The objective of this review was to present analysis of comprehensive studies on camel trypansomiasis in the Gulf region through meta-analytical investigation. This meta-analysis was conducted according to the rules of PRISMA. Data were extracted after complete search; then finally eligible articles were identified. Using comprehensive meta-analysis software program, the data were analyzed. The results of meta-analysis were effect size, confidence intervals (CI), heterogeneity, and publication bias. Out of 11837 camels in 19 accepted studies, 3179 were proved to be infected with T. evansi (26.85 %). At random, and fixed effects, the Z-value of -6.724 (P-value = 0.000) -30.349 (P-value = 0.000) was recorded, respectively. The Q-value (917.361), I-squared (98.038), and P- value (0.000) are the final heterogeneity variables. Additionally, the Tau-squared is 0.632 with a 0.403 Standard Error. Egger’s linear regression test for asymmetry did not indicate publication bias, Intercept (-4.95), 95% confidence interval (from -9.54 to -0.35), t-value (2.27), and df = 17.00. The 1-tailed P-value (recommended) is 0.018, and the 2-tailed P-value is 0.036.  The outcome of Kendall’s tau with continuity correction (-0.29240), with a 1-tailed P-value (recommended) of 0.040 and 2 -tailed P-value of 0.080. Duval and Tweedie’s trim-and-fill method (no studies trimmed) resulted in an adjusted correlation from 0.32702 to 0.34658 (95% CI). In conclusion, the present results indicate that camel trypanosomiasis is a common infection in Gulf countries. Therefore, strict prevention and control policies should be formulated.

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of steroid- induced hepatopathy. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ability of some herbes to reduce the steroid- induced hepatopathy. Twenty mongrel dogs were included in the experimental study. Dogs were divided into four groups each group consisting of five animals; Group I received dexamethasone, Group II received dexamethasone and concentrated milk thistle (silymarin), Group III received dexamethasone and L-carnitine, Group IV received dexamethasone and liquorice powder. Clinical, blood samples, ultrasound were done on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Haemato- biochemical analysis  indicated a significant increase in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and hematocrit value, a significant decrease in white blood cells count, a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and a significant increase in total protein and albumin levels in silymarin treated Group II, L-carnitine treated Group III and liquorice treated Group IV compared to Group I. Ultrasonography revealed an increase in echogenicity of liver parenchyma in hepatopathic induced dogs and returned to nearly normal in Group II and Group III. In conclusion, the medicinal plants have a potential effect in treatment and prevention of steroid induced hepatopathy.

          The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary nucleoforce® supplementation on the antioxidative status and the molecular expression of IGF-1, IL-1ß and IL-6 genes in broiler chickens. 240, one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four equal groups, each of which contained 60 birds and was divided into three replicates with 20 birds for each replicate. Birds in the first group fed basal diet and considered as a control group (C), whereas birds of the second (200N), third (350N), and fourth (500N) groups fed diet supplemented with 200, 350 and 500 g/ton nucleoforce®, respectively from zero day till the end of the experiment. At days 21 and 49 of age, two birds from each replicate were randomly chosen, slaughtered, and dissected to collect blood and tissue samples. The concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum were calculated as an indicator for the antioxidant status. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) in liver, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in spleen was performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The obtained results revealed that the highest nucleoforce® concentration (500g/ton) resulted in time dependent significant increases in both SOD and GPx. This study also indicated that nucleotides supplementation resulted in significant up regulations of growth and immune related gene expression with the best results were obtained with the highest nucleotides concentration. In conclusion, dietary nucleoforce® inclusion can improve the performance of broiler chickens and enhance their antioxidative and immune status.

This study investigated the hematological parameters and renal function effects of Flunixin Meglumine (FM) and assessed the potential protective role of Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in male rats. Hematological studies, kidney function tests, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacities, kidney weights and index weights, and histopathological studies were evaluated on the 4th and 8th weeks of the experiment. The experiment involved administering FM for 14 successive days and ALA for 56 successive days. Seventy-two (72) male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=12 animals each): Group 1 (control) received saline and distilled water, Group 2 (ALA) received ALA at a dose level 100mg/kg bwt orally, Group 3 (FM-2.5) received Flunixin meglumine at a dose level (2.5mg/kg bwt) subcutaneously, Group 4 (FM-5) received FM subcutaneously, Group 5 (FM-2.5 and ALA) received FM and ALA, and Group 6 (FM-5 and ALA) received FM and ALA. Flunixin meglumine increased WBCs, serum urea and creatinine levels, MDA, some histopathological changes in kidney tissue, and decreased TAC. These alterations were mitigated by addition of alpha lipoic acid. Non-significant changes in Hb%, P.C.V.%, RBCs and kidney index weight among all treated and control groups. In conclusion, the administration of FM induced hematological and renal impairments in male rats. However, co-administration of ALA effectively mitigated these impairments, suggesting its potential protective role against FM-induced hematological and renal disturbances.

Egyptian camels are vulnerable to blood parasitic infection, which is an economically important tick-borne diseases and compromise health and production of camels. Blood samples were collected for microscopic identification and molecular detection with phylogenetic analysis of piroplasms in apparently healthy camels ' number 82' of both sexes in Assiut, Egypt. The overall positive rates of Babesia was 62.2% and Theileria was 35.4% microsobically which revealed that Babesia infection is higher than Theileria in camels. The positive rates of Babesia and Theileria species were higher in females (71.7%) and (36.9%) than males (50%) and (33.3%), respectively. Likewise, the positive rates of Babesia and Theileria species were higher in camels > 3 years (68.8%) and (37.5%) than ≤ 3 years (52.9%) and (32.4%), respectively. Statistically, the positive rate of Babesia is significantly associated with gender (P< 0.05). PCR analysis targeted Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata tams1 genes. The phylogenetic analysis of PCR amplicons shown that analyzed isolates were Babesia caballi (B. caballi) with accession numbers (OR683438 and OR683439) and Theileria annulata (T. annulata) with accession numbers (OR682402 and OR682403) which closely related to global isolates present in NCBI. Genetically, B. caballi was related to isolates from South Africa, Cuba and Venezuela horses, while T. annulata was genetically related to isolates from United Kingdom, India and Turkey. We concluded that B. caballi and T. annulata is prevalent in camels with the need of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent further spread of infection with tick control program to reduce the risk of infection.