Due to an increase in the number of resistant bacterial strains that cause urinary tract infection (UTI), empirical treatment with the commonly prescribed antimicrobials might be inadequate. This prospective study was conducted on 252 adult patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection aiming at optimizing the use of empirical antibacterial therapy through identification of the causative bacteria and studying their in vitro sensitivity patterns to 11 commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs. This study showed that gram negative bacteria were the most frequent cause of UTI accounting for 95.3% of cases, with strains of Escherichia coli alone responsible for 50% of all infections. The study also recorded an increase in the rate of infection caused by Klebsilla which was reported in 28.6% of cases. Combined drug therapy was not superior to single antimicrobial. Agumentin or Co- trimoxazole were effective against only 78.6% and 43.7% of the tested bacterial strains. Single drug treatment using the aminoglycoside, Amikacin (92.9% bacterial sensitivity rate) or the third generation cephalosporin, Cefotaxime (88.9% bacterial sensitivity rate) might be the first choice for injectable drug treatment and ciprofloxacin (81% bacterial sensitivity) for orai therapy. It is concluded that periodic reevaluation of bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance studies and needed for better empirical treatment of uncomplicated UTI through the avoidance of continuous bacterial resistance to such treatment.

The effect of hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion and enzymes Induction on hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST’s) activity, biliary excretion of GSH cadmium, zinc was studied in rats. The GSH depletor Methyl Iodide did not Influence hepatic GST activity but depending on the substrate used , Phenobarbital benzopyeren increased it by 50-60% , 20-30% respectively GSH depletor decreased (60%) , benzopyrene did not effect Phenobarbital increase(90%) the transport of GSH into bile.The biliary excretion of cadmium and zinc was reduced by methyl iodide depletor (52-65%) and enhanced by Phenobarbital (99- 110)% . treatment with benzopyrene did not affect the excretion of zinc into bile ,but decreased that of cadmium, these result do not provide evidence for the role of hepatic GST but support the importance of biliary GSH excretion in the hepatobiliary transport of cadmium & zinc . It is assumed that Phenobarbital enhance the biliary excretion of metals by increasing the transport of GSH as a chemical complexation (cadmium-glutathione, zinc-glutathion) while the benzopyrene was less effect .

To questing the severity and courses of experimental infection with Trichophyton mentogrophytes var mentogrophytes in four groups of eight rabbits, prepared HIS against the fungus was used in different routs and doses in two groups (second and third group). 0.2ml subcutaneously in 2nd group and0.1 ml interadermally in 3rd group. The shorter course of the infection was recorded in 1st group previously infected and left with out treatment with HIS, while complete healing was recoded after 5 weeks and 8 weeks in 2nd and 3rd group respectively in compared to 4th group ( control group) after 10 weeks.

The present study was done to investigate the ability of tracheal allograft transplantation in adult dogs and evaluate the health condition of the outcome of the allograft transplantation respect of the healing. Tow groups of adult dogs (each group 4 dogs) were used as both donors and recipients. A rectangle tracheal allograft was transplanted in recipient dog and fixed by suturing, gross evaluation showed that there are no signs of tracheal stenosis or any complication like difficult breathing and blood stained coughing, the animals remained in good health through out the procedure. Histopathological examination one moth after transplantation revealed prominent cartilage enclosed by fibrosis and absence of any infiltration of inflammatory cells while histopathological finding 2 months after operation showed sub epithelial fibrosis and presence of cartilage. This will give indication that tracheal allograft can be used as tissue replacement for treatment of tracheal defects.

A sero-epidemiological study was made of detection of toxoplasmosis between slaughter workers in Basrah abattoir city, southern Iraq. A total of (100) blood sample was collected with different ages between (20-50) years. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was found between (45-48%).

The present study was conducted on (40) white mice of approximately the same age (4-6 weeks) and body weight (23-25 gm) for the aim of observing the histopathological changes for male and female reproductive organs due to prolonged treatment (6 months) with anticancer chemotherapeutic agent namely methotrexate. Forty mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice of each group 5 mice per sex). The first group (low or therapeutic dose group) was received 0.15 mg/kg B.W. The second group (intermediate dose group ) received 0.3 mg/kg B.W. The third group ( toxic dose group ) received 0.45 mg/kg B.W. the fourth group was a control group; it received 0.2 ml buffered physiological saline. All these groups injected intramuscularly, once weekly for 6 months. The results showed that methotrexate can cause suppression of spermatogenesis. In female, methotrexate can cause obvious pathological changes in uteri and ovaries such as reduced endometrial glands and ovarian follicles respectively

Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is an oral medication used to treat male impotence by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 in the corpus cavernosum and subsequent facilitation of penile erection. The side effects of sildenafil citrate have been reported. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of long term administration of sildenafil citrate on some characteristics (sperm count, sperm malformations) and testis architecture of male rats. The results indicated that the oral administration of 50 mg and 100 mg of suldinafil citrate (Viagra) for 8 weeks caused a significant decreased and a significant increased in sperm count and sperm malformations respectively. The results were showed the histopathological changes in testis of male rats treated with 50 mg and 100 mg sildenafil citrate..

Combination therapy of antibiotics can be used against multi drug resistant bacteria. In vitro investigation of two antibiotics combinations regimens were used against multi drug resistant local isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that isolated from chronic otitis media patients to determine the usability of combination therapy for the treatment. The first attempt of combination therapy regimen was tested for synergy between MIC of Rifampicin 4µg/ml with MICs of Tri-methoprim 50µg/ml, Cephlexin 50µg/ml, Tetracyclin 45µg/ml, Gentamicin 4µg/ml, and Erythromycin 40µg/ml, respectively in nutrient broth medium, the results yielded synergistic action in the combination therapy of Rifampicin and Erythromycin, confirmed spectrophotometrically. The second attempt of combination therapy examined against the same isolates on nutrient agar medium between MIC of Ciprofloxacin 20µg/ml and MICs of Rifampicin 4µg/ml, Gentamicin 4µg/ml, Streptomicin 4µg/ml, Tobramicin 3µg/ml respectively, the results were exhibited full synergistic bactericidal activity that took place for four combinations therapy with MIC of Ciprofloxacin in combination with the MICs of other antibiotics.

Data of Holstein dairy cows in a private farm (TEC-DAP) in Al-Fayum Governorate comprising 5815 calving events (80 for twins and 5735 for singles) in the period from January 1997 to April 2008 were used to determine if there was any significant difference between twin and single calving cows in gestation length, reproductive performance, incidence of dystocia, perinatal calf survival and mortality rates and culling rate. Cows giving twins had shorter (p < 0.0001) gestation and more (p < 0.005) days to first heat, first service and days open than cows giving singles. Incidence of dystocia was higher in cows with twins (22.5%) than those with singletons (7.22%). Survival rate of singles was 12.9% greater than that of twins at birth, whereas perinatal mortality rate was 16.25 % (9.37% stillborn & 6.88% dead after birth) for twins and 3.33% (2.06% stillborn & 1.27% dead after birth) for singles. Culling rate was greater in cows producing twins (61.53%) than those with singles (30.73%). Twinning in cattle shortens the length of gestation, impairs subsequent reproductive performance by prolonging postpartum breeding intervals, increases the incidence of dystocia and perinatal calf mortality and increases number of cows to be culled during subsequent lactation. Thus, twinning in dairy cattle is undesirable due to its detrimental effect on cow fertility and health and calf survival. However, these adverse effects can be minimized by preparturient diagnosis of twin pregnancy and timely administration of obstetrical assistance which aids in management of dystocia to facilitate delivery of twin calves and to increase their neonatal survival.

Due to logistical problems in obtaining sufficient blood samples from apparently healthy animals in the wild in order to establish normal haematological reference values, only limited information regarding the blood platelet count and morphology of free-living lions (Panthera leo) is available. This study provides information on platelet counts and describes their morphology with particular reference to size in two normal, healthy and free-ranging lion populations. Blood samples were collected from a total of 16 lions. Platelet counts, determined manually, ranged between 218 and 358 x 109/ℓ. Light microscopy showed mostly activated platelets of various sizes with prominent granules. At the ultrastructural level the platelets revealed typical mammalian platelet morphology. However, morphometricanalysis revealed a significant difference (P < 0.001) in platelet size between the two groups of animals. Basic haematological information obtained in this study may be helpful in future comparative studies between animals of the same species as well as in other felids.