Objective: This study aims to determine the protein profile based on molecular weight (MW) and testosterone levels in seminal plasma (SP) that correlates to the semen quality of candidate Madura bulls. Material and Methods: A total of 10 male candidate madura bulls underwent semen evaluation (motility, viability, membrane plasma integrity (MPI), and sperm concentration). The centrifuge was run at 1,200 rpm (4°C) for 20 min to collect SP. SP testosterone levels were measured using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The characterization of SP proteins in Madura bulls was done using 1D sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. All parameters were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. Result: The results of the SDS-PAGE analysis found eight protein bands with the highest MW of 110 kDa and the lowest of 12 kDa. The mean and SD of SP testosterone levels were 20.58 ± 8.56 ng/ml, motility 59.32% ± 20.14%, viability 67.45% ± 20.22%, MPI 32.77% ± 16.52%, and sperm concentration 1,002.64 ± 429.33 106 /mm3. Proteins with MWs of 110 and 91 kDa significantly correlated with MPI, and 110 kDa negatively correlated with sperm concentration (p < 0.05). Proteins with MWs of 73 and 36 kDa significantly correlated with SP testosterone levels, while proteins with MWs of 29 kDa significantly correlated with sperm viability (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The expressed protein fraction based on MW is closely related to the quality of semen, so it has the potential to be a biomarker of semen quality. Further research is needed to determine the specific proteins in certain fractions.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 429–436, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j696

Objective: This study aims to determine the protein profile based on molecular weight (MW) and testosterone levels in seminal plasma (SP) that correlates to the semen quality of candidate Madura bulls. Material and Methods: A total of 10 male candidate madura bulls underwent semen evaluation (motility, viability, membrane plasma integrity (MPI), and sperm concentration). The centrifuge was run at 1,200 rpm (4°C) for 20 min to collect SP. SP testosterone levels were measured using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The characterization of SP proteins in Madura bulls was done using 1D sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. All parameters were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. Result: The results of the SDS-PAGE analysis found eight protein bands with the highest MW of 110 kDa and the lowest of 12 kDa. The mean and SD of SP testosterone levels were 20.58 ± 8.56 ng/ml, motility 59.32% ± 20.14%, viability 67.45% ± 20.22%, MPI 32.77% ± 16.52%, and sperm concentration 1,002.64 ± 429.33 106/mm3. Proteins with MWs of 110 and 91 kDa significantly correlated with MPI, and 110 kDa negatively correlated with sperm concentration (p < 0.05). Proteins with MWs of 73 and 36 kDa significantly correlated with SP testosterone levels, while proteins with MWs of 29 kDa significantly correlated with sperm viability (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The expressed protein fraction based on MW is closely related to the quality of semen, so it has the potential to be a biomarker of semen quality. Further research is needed to determine the specific proteins in certain fractions.

Objective: The objective of this study was to associate the 1016G > A variant of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene with lamb’s weight, growth, and meat quality in the Colombian hair sheep breed. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 lambs, weights were measured at birth weight (BW), at weaning adjusted weaning weight (AWW), at 6 months [adjusted weight (AW180)], at slaughter adjusted slaughter weight (ASW), daily weight gain preweaning daily gain (preWDG), and postweaning daily gain (postWDG) weaning, and after slaughter, pH, texture, and cook-loss (CL) in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle according to the American Meat Science Association methodology. The 1016G > A genotypes were obtained by sequencing. Genotypic and allele frequencies, heterozygosities, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were estimated. Using a generalized linear model, the genotype and the allelic substitution effect were associated with the evaluated traits. Results: The heterozygous genotype (0.48) and G allele (0.61) were the most frequent. Heterozygosities were similar (0.47), indicating HWE. The genotype affected the BW (p < 0.05), with a higher value for the GG genotype (2.69 kg). AWW (12.75 kg), AW180 (19.67 kg), and ASW (31.21 kg) weights and daily weight gain (preWDG = 115.41 gm; postWDG = 96.16 gm) were not associated. Average pH, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and CL were 5.75 units, 49.46 N, and 32.02%, with no genotype effect. The G > A substitution only affected BW at −388 gm (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The 1016G > A variant is polymorphic and affects the BW but no other growth traits or the meat quality of the LTL muscle.   J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 449–457, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j698

Objective: The objective of this study was to associate the 1016G > A variant of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene with lamb's weight, growth, and meat quality in the Colombian hair sheep breed. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 lambs, weights were measured at birth weight (BW), at weaning adjusted weaning weight (AWW), at 6 months [adjusted weight (AW180)], at slaughter adjusted slaughter weight (ASW), daily weight gain preweaning daily gain (preWDG), and postweaning daily gain (postWDG) weaning, and after slaughter, pH, texture, and cook-loss (CL) in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle according to the American Meat Science Association methodology. The 1016G > A genotypes were obtained by sequencing. Genotypic and allele frequencies, heterozygosities, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were estimated. Using a generalized linear model, the genotype and the allelic substitution effect were associated with the evaluated traits. Results: The heterozygous genotype (0.48) and G allele (0.61) were the most frequent. Heterozygosities were similar (0.47), indicating HWE. The genotype affected the BW (p < 0.05), with a higher value for the GG genotype (2.69 kg). AWW (12.75 kg), AW180 (19.67 kg), and ASW (31.21 kg) weights and daily weight gain (preWDG = 115.41 gm; postWDG = 96.16 gm) were not associated. Average pH, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and CL were 5.75 units, 49.46 N, and 32.02%, with no genotype effect. The G > A substitution only affected BW at −388 gm (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The 1016G > A variant is polymorphic and affects the BW but not other growth traits or the meat quality of the LTL muscle.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composting on the count of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and New Castle virus (NDV) isolated from broilers’ litter. Moreover, to verify the impact of compost thermal stress on the expression of thermal genes harbored in the isolated bacteria. Materials and Methods: The prevalence of enteric aerobic and anaerobic infections by Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and viral infections by NDV were investigated in litter samples collected from 100 broiler flocks by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction. Results: The samples were positive for Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and NDV, with prevalence rates of 60%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. An experiment to study the effect of compost on the microbiological quality of litter was applied using five compost heaps with an initial average count of Salmonella typhimurium (3.2 × 105 CFU CFU/gm), C. perfringens (6.4 × 105 CFU/gm), and an average titer NDV (105.5 embryo infectious dose50/gm). The microbiological count of heaps after 15 days of composting revealed a reduction in the count of S. typhimurium and C. perfringens by 4 log10 CFU/gm and 3 log10 CFU/gm, respectively. Moreover, the hemagglutinating test revealed no detection of NDV after 15 days of composting. A high degree of downregulation of expression of the thermal genes, dnaK in S. typhimurium isolates and cpe gene in C. perfringens isolates, was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Conclusion: The reduction of pathogen counts, the simplicity, and the low cost associated with composting for only 15 days advocate the recommendation for raising awareness of composting as a routine biosecurity measure to prevent the spreading of infection and promote its safe use in agribusiness. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 458–468, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j699

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composting on the count of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and New Castle virus (NDV) isolated from broilers' litter. Moreover, to verify the impact of compost thermal stress on the expression of thermal genes harbored in the isolated bacteria. Materials and Methods: The prevalence of enteric aerobic and anaerobic infections by Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and viral infections by NDV were investigated in litter samples collected from 100 broiler flocks by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction. Results: The samples were positive for Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and NDV, with prevalence rates of 60%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. An experiment to study the effect of compost on the microbiological quality of litter was applied using five compost heaps with an initial average count of Salmonella typhimurium (3.2 × 105CFU CFU/gm), C. perfringens (6.4 × 105 CFU/gm), and an average titer NDV (105.5 embryo infectious dose50/gm). The microbiological count of heaps after 15 days of composting revealed a reduction in the count of S. typhimurium and C. perfringens by 4 log10 CFU/gm and 3 log10 CFU/gm, respectively. Moreover, the hemagglutinating test revealed no detection of NDV after 15 days of composting. A high degree of downregulation of expression of the thermal genes, dnaK in S. typhimurium isolates and cpe gene in C. perfringens isolates, was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Conclusion: The reduction of pathogen counts, the simplicity, and the low cost associated with composting for only 15 days advocate the recommendation for raising awareness of composting as a routine biosecurity measure to prevent the spreading of infection and promote its safe use in agribusiness.

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effect of Leucaena at different proportions and doses of molasses on the nutritional quality, silage fermentation characteristic, and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Materials and Methods: The study was designed in a completely randomized factorial design 3*3 pattern. The first factor was the proportion addition of Leucaena, i.e., L0 (0%), L15 (15%), L30 (30%), and L45 (45%) of inclusion of Leucaena on the dry matter (DM) basis of corn stover. The second factor was the dose of inclusion of molasses, i.e., M2 (2%), M4 (4%), and M6 (6%) on the fed basis of silage. Each treatment had five replications. The variables observed included chemical composition [DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber], silage fermentation characteristics (pH and NH3 -N), DM digestibility (DMD), and OM digestibility (OMD) under in vitro conditions. Results: The result shows that the inclusion of Leucaena in the proportion of 30%–45% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition of corn stover silage, significantly suppresses the content of CF, and increases the CP content of the silage. Likewise, the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% also positively contributed to the quality of the resulting silage, especially its effect in suppressing the buffer capacity of proteins resulting in low pH values and NH3 -N concentrations in silage. Conclusions: It was concluded that the inclusion of Leucaena in 30%–45% and the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition, silage fermentability characteristics, and rumen degradation of corn stover silage.   J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(1): 118–125, March 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j660

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effect of Leucaena at different proportions and doses of molasses on the nutritional quality, silage fermentation characteristic, and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Materials and Methods: The study was designed in a completely randomized factorial design 3*3 pattern. The first factor was the proportion addition of Leucaena, i.e., L0 (0%), L15 (15%), L30 (30%), and L45 (45%) of inclusion of Leucaena on the dry matter (DM) basis of corn stover. The second factor was the dose of inclusion of molasses, i.e., M2 (2%), M4 (4%), and M6 (6%) on the fed basis of silage. Each treatment had five replications. The variables observed included chemical composition [DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber], silage fermentation characteristics (pH and NH3-N), DM digestibility (DMD), and OM digestibility (OMD) under in vitro conditions. Results: The result shows that the inclusion of Leucaena in the proportion of 30%–45% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition of corn stover silage, significantly suppresses the content of CF, and increases the CP content of the silage. Likewise, the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% also positively contributed to the quality of the resulting silage, especially its effect in suppressing the buffer capacity of proteins resulting in low pH values and NH3-N concentrations in silage. Conclusions: It was concluded that the inclusion of Leucaena in 30%–45% and the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition, silage fermentability characteristics, and rumen degradation of corn stover silage. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 118-125]

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic-resistant profile and to identify molecular characterization of some virulence genes of Klebsiella spp. isolated from mastitis samples in Vietnam. Materials and Method: A total of 468 samples from clinical mastitis cases were collected and submitted to the Laboratory. All samples were cultured, and Klebsiella spp. wasidentified through biochemical reactions and confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial resistance was tested by disk diffusion method, and virulence and resistance genes were tested by PCR. Results: An antibiogram study showed that a high proportion of isolates are multidrug-resistant (94%). All isolates were resistantto lincomycin and sulfamethoxazole, followed by ampicillin (94%), sulphonamide (66%), amoxicillin (56%), streptomycin (52%), polymyxin B (28%), colistin sulfate (12%), tetracycline (6%), ciprofloxacin (4%), florfenicol (4%), enrofloxacin (4%), piperacillin (2%), trimethoprim (2%), nalidixic acid (2%), imipenem (2%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (2%). In contrast, all isolates showed sensitivity to gentamicin and ceftiofur. The appearance of an efflux pump system, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), tetracycline, and sulphonamides-resistant genes was reconfirmed using different specific primers. Capsular serotype K1 and virulence genes magA, fimH, and entB, responsible for hypermucoviscosity production, adherence, and enterobactin production, were confirmed in isolates. Multidrug resistance and virulence potential in Klebsiella spp. are changing this mastitis pathogen into a superbug and making its management harder. Conclusions: Klebsiella spp. associated with bovine mastitis in Nghe An province were mostly multidrug-resistant and carried virulence genes including fimH, entB, and antimicrobials resistant genes (blaSHV, acrAKp, tetA, etc.), but these isolates were not ESBL producers. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(1): 132–143, March 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j662

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic-resistant profile and to identify molecular characterization of some virulence genes of Klebsiella spp. isolated from mastitis samples in Vietnam. Materials and Method: A total of 468 samples from clinical mastitis cases were collected and submitted to the Laboratory. All samples were cultured, and Klebsiella spp. was identified through biochemical reactions and confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial resistance was tested by disk diffusion method, and virulence and resistance genes were tested by PCR. Results: An antibiogram study showed that a high proportion of isolates are multidrug-resistant (94%). All isolates were resistant to lincomycin and sulfamethoxazole, followed by ampicillin (94%), sulphonamide (66%), amoxicillin (56%), streptomycin (52%), polymyxin B (28%), colistin sulfate (12%), tetracycline (6%), ciprofloxacin (4%), florfenicol (4%), enrofloxacin (4%), piperacillin (2%), trimethoprim (2%), nalidixic acid (2%), imipenem (2%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (2%). In contrast, all isolates showed sensitivity to gentamicin and ceftiofur. The appearance of an efflux pump system, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), tetracycline, and sulphonamides-resis¬tant genes was reconfirmed using different specific primers. Capsular serotype K1 and virulence genes magA, fimH, and entB, responsible for hypermucoviscosity production, adherence, and enterobactin production, were confirmed in isolates. Multidrug resistance and virulence potential in Klebsiella spp. are changing this mastitis pathogen into a superbug and making its management harder. Conclusions: Klebsiella spp. associated with bovine mastitis in Nghe An province were mostly multidrug-resistant and carried virulence genes including fimH, entB, and antimicrobials resistant genes (blaSHV, acrAKp, tetA, etc.), but these isolates were not ESBL producers. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 132-143]

Objective: The objectives were to determine the appropriate level of dried cassava top (DCT) in total mixed ration (TMR) based on production performance and carcass characteristics of fattening Charolais crossbred steers. Materials and Methods: Fifteen fattening Charolais crossbred steers were randomly assigned to a randomized complete block design with initial body weight to receive three treatments, including without DCT, 15% DCT, and 30% DCT in TMR, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The production trial lasted 120 days; then, the fattened steers were slaughtered to study the carcass characteristics. Results: The in vitro gas production from the immediately soluble fraction of TMR containing 30% DCT was higher than the others (p < 0.05). However, in vitro DM and organic matter degradability were not significantly different among treatments. Feed intake, final weight, feed cost per gain, and carcass characteristics such as warm carcass percentage, marbling score, and loin eye area of feedlot steers were not affected by the inclusion of DCT in TMR. Although steers fed TMR containing 15% DCT had body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio lower than the control (p < 0.05); however, the use of DCT at 30% DM in TMR reduced the feed cost of feedlot beef production (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Using local ingredients such as cassava tops can increase profit margins for farmers without sacrificing product quality, but they must closely look at growth performance. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 507–515, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j704

Objective: The objectives were to determine the appropriate level of dried cassava top (DCT) in total mixed ration (TMR) based on production performance and carcass characteristics of fattening Charolais crossbred steers. Materials and Methods: Fifteen fattening Charolais crossbred steers were randomly assigned to a randomized complete block design with initial body weight to receive three treatments, including without DCT, 15% DCT, and 30% DCT in TMR, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The production trial lasted 120 days; then, the fattened steers were slaughtered to study the carcass characteristics. Results: The in vitro gas production from the immediately soluble fraction of TMR containing 30% DCT was higher than the others (p < 0.05). However, in vitro DM and organic matter degradability were not significantly different among treatments. Feed intake, final weight, feed cost per gain, and carcass characteristics such as warm carcass percentage, marbling score, and loin eye area of feedlot steers were not affected by the inclusion of DCT in TMR. Although steers fed TMR containing 15% DCT had body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio lower than the control (p < 0.05); however, the use of DCT at 30% DM in TMR reduced the feed cost of feedlot beef production (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Using local ingredients such as cassava tops can increase profit margins for farmers without sacrificing product quality, but they must closely look at growth performance.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 6,886 animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968). The animals were given an oral suspension of triclabendazole or levamisole at an initial dosage of 0.2 ml/kg body weight (BW). The following day, 0.2 mg/kg of 1% ivermectin was subcutaneously administered. Then, on the third and fifth days of treatment, a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg BW of florfenicol (30%) was administered. The survival and recovery rates for both groups were tracked throughout a 6-month period of observation. Postmortem and histopathological signs were also assessed. Results: In the group of the novel combination therapy, group A, clinical, postmortem, and histopathological signs were significantly reduced compared to group B. Clinical signs and mortality in group A were 90% and 93% lower than in group B, respectively. Animals that received the new combination therapy were healed of their disease and stayed immune for 6 months. Conclusion: This novel therapy demonstrated significant efficacy against respiratory diseases in a 10-year field study. The paper proved that the protocol introduced could be a new therapeutic approach. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 516–521, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j705

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 6,886 animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968). The animals were given an oral suspension of triclabendazole or levamisole at an initial dosage of 0.2 ml/kg body weight (BW). The following day, 0.2 mg/kg of 1% ivermectin was subcutaneously administered. Then, on the third and fifth days of treatment, a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg BW of florfenicol (30%) was administered. The survival and recovery rates for both groups were tracked throughout a 6-month period of observation. Postmortem and histopathological signs were also assessed. Results: In the group of the novel combination therapy, group A, clinical, postmortem, and his¬topathological signs were significantly reduced compared to group B. Clinical signs and mortality in group A were 90% and 93% lower than in group B, respectively. Animals that received the new combination therapy were healed of their disease and stayed immune for 6 months. Conclusion: This novel therapy demonstrated significant efficacy against respiratory diseases in a 10-year field study. The paper proved that the protocol introduced could be a new therapeutic approach.

Objective: Equine herpes viruses (EHVs) are considered one of the most important respiratory pathogens in equids, resulting in serious outcomes for equine health worldwide. The objectives of the current research were the detection, molecular characterization, and isolation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 circulating within different equine populations in Egypt, either clinically or in apparently healthy horses. Material and Methods: A total of 120 field samples were collected, and DNA was extracted. Screening and typing of extracted DNA were done by consensus and conventional PCR assays for detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to confirm the virus identity. Selected positive samples for both EHV-1 and EHV-4 were subjected to Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell lines for virus isolation. Results: The obtained results revealed that 58/120 (48%) samples were positive for EHVs. Typing of positive samples showed that EHV-1 was detected in (48/120) 40% of samples and EHV-4 was detected in (15/120) 12% of samples, while dual infection by both EHV-1 and 4 was detected in five samples. Conclusion: The current study revealed new data on the continuous circulation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 within equine populations in Egypt, and individual horses could be infected by multiple EHVs. In addition, latently infected horses are acting as potential reservoirs for frequent virus reactivation. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(4): 639–646, December 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j719

Objective: Equine herpes viruses (EHVs) are considered one of the most important respiratory pathogens in equids, resulting in serious outcomes for equine health worldwide. The objectives of the current research were the detection, molecular characterization, and isolation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 circulating within different equine populations in Egypt, either clinically or in apparently healthy horses. Material and Methods: A total of 120 field samples were collected, and DNA was extracted. Screening and typing of extracted DNA were done by consensus and conventional PCR assays for detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to confirm the virus identity. Selected positive samples for both EHV-1 and EHV-4 were subjected to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell lines for virus isolation. Results: The obtained results revealed that 58/120 (48%) samples were positive for EHVs. Typing of positive samples showed that EHV-1 was detected in (48/120) 40% of samples and EHV-4 was detected in (15/120) 12% of samples, while dual infection by both EHV-1 and 4 was detected in five samples. Conclusion: The current study revealed new data on the continuous circulation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 within equine populations in Egypt, and individual horses could be infected by multiple EHVs. In addition, latently infected horses are acting as potential reservoirs for frequent virus reactivation. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 639-646]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of Clostridium perfringens sialidase treatment on monolayer cell behavior using computational screening and an in vitro approach to demonstrate interaction between enzyme-based drugs and ligands in host cells. Materials and Methods: The in silico study was carried out by molecular docking analysis used to predict the interactions between atoms that occur, followed by genetic characterization of sialidase from a wild isolate. Sialidase, which has undergone further production and purification processes exposed to chicken embryonic fibroblast cell culture, and observations-based structural morphology of cells compared between treated cells and normal cells without treatment. Results: Based on an in silico study, C. perfringens sialidase has an excellent binding affinity with Neu5Acα (2.3) Gal ligand receptor with Gibbs energy value (∆G)—7.35 kcal/mol and Ki value of 4.11 µM. Wild C. perfringens isolates in this study have 99.1%–100% similarity to the plc gene, NanH, and NanI genes, while NanJ shows 93.18% similarity compared to the reference isolate from GenBank. Sialidase at 750 and 150 mU may impact the viability, cell count, and cell behavior structure of fibroblast cells by significantly increasing the empty area and perimeter of chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, while at 30 mU sialidase shows no significant difference compared with mock control. Conclusion: Sialidase-derived C. perfringens has the capacity to compete with viral molecules for attachment to host sialic acid based on in silico analysis. However, sialidase treatment has an impact on monolayer cell fibroblasts given exposure to high doses. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(4): 667–676, December 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j722

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of Clostridium perfringens sialidase treatment on monolayer cell behavior using computational screening and an in vitro approach to demonstrate interaction between enzyme-based drugs and ligands in host cells. Materials and Methods: The in silico study was carried out by molecular docking analysis used to predict the interactions between atoms that occur, followed by genetic characterization of sialidase from a wild isolate. Sialidase, which has undergone further production and purification processes exposed to chicken embryonic fibroblast cell culture, and observations-based structural morphology of cells compared between treated cells and normal cells without treatment. Results: Based on an in silico study, C. perfringens sialidase has an excellent binding affinity with Neu5Acα (2.3) Gal ligand receptor with Gibbs energy value (ΔG)—7.35 kcal/mol and Ki value of 4.11 μM. Wild C. perfringens isolates in this study have 99.1%–100% similarity to the plc gene, NanH, and NanI genes, while NanJ shows 93.18% similarity compared to the reference isolate from GenBank. Sialidase at 750 and 150 mU may impact the viability, cell count, and cell behavior structure of fibroblast cells by significantly increasing the empty area and perimeter of chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, while at 30 mU sialidase shows no significant difference compared with mock control. Conclusion: Sialidase-derived C. perfringens has the capacity to compete with viral molecules for attachment to host sialic acid based on in silico analysis. However, sialidase treatment has an impact on monolayer cell fibroblasts given exposure to high doses. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 667-676]

Objective: This research aimed to evaluate potential tropical seaweed from Indonesia as an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants based on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Materials and Methods: The seven natural tropical seaweeds (three green and four red species) were collected from Ndrini and Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The experimental design on secondary metabolite profiles used a completely randomized design, and the in vitro gas production test used a randomized complete block design with seven seaweed species variances and four replications (blocks) based on rumen fluid collection time. The data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan‘s Multiple Range Test was used to test the variation in the analysis. Results: The seven tropical seaweed species have potential as mineral sources for ruminants, except for macromineral (P and S) and micromineral (Cu). The red tropical seaweed has potential as a protein source (Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C. Silva, Hypnea pannosa, and Acanthopora muscoides (L.) Bory), and the green seaweed (Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Cladopora sp.) has potential as a crude fiber (CF) source for ruminants. As indicated by secondary metabolites and gas production in vitro, the green species (C. linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Enteromorpha compressa) and red species (A. muscoides (L.) Bory and Gelidium amansii (J.V. Lamouroux) J.V. Lamouroux) could be degraded in the rumen and had quite high phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The seven tropical seaweed species have the potential to be an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants, and there were four species that have the potential to reduce methane emissions. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(4): 751–762, December 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j731

Objective: This research aimed to evaluate potential tropical seaweed from Indonesia as an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants based on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Materials and methods: The seven natural tropical seaweeds (three green and four red species) were collected from Ndrini and Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The experimental design on secondary metabolite profiles used a completely randomized design, and the in vitro gas production test used a randomized complete block design with seven seaweed species variances and four replications (blocks) based on rumen fluid collection time. The data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan‘s Multiple Range Test was used to test the variation in the analysis. Results: The seven tropical seaweed species have potential as mineral sources for ruminants, except for macromineral (P and S) and micromineral (Cu). The red tropical seaweed has potential as a protein source (Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C. Silva, Hypnea pannosa, and Acanthopora muscoides (L.) Bory), and the green seaweed (Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Cladopora sp.) has potential as a crude fiber (CF) source for ruminants. As indicated by secondary metabolites and gas production in vitro, the green species (C. linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Enteromorpha compressa) and red species (A. muscoides (L.) Bory and Gelidium amansii (J.V. Lamouroux) J.V. Lamouroux) could be degraded in the rumen and had quite high phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The seven tropical seaweed species have the potential to be an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants, and there were four species that have the potential to reduce methane emissions. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 751-762]