Infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. Reduced egg production and quality are common, and nephritis can be caused by some strains. Attenuated live, killed, and recently recombinant vaccines are available, but different antigenic types of the avian coronavirus causing the disease do not cross-protect, complicating control efforts. Vaccination regimens against IBV often induce insufficient levels of cross-protection field challenge. In the current work, we reviewed the data outcomes of the field and experimental vaccine efficacy in view of the available literature during 2000–2021 in Egypt, as well as the geo-epidemiological distribution of the virus infection among different Egyptian provinces within the time frame of the study. Among seventeen provinces, Sharkia came in at the top of the list, with the highest IBV incidence in field-vaccinated flocks that received a single classic live vaccine. However, experimentally, the protective percentage for the same vaccine regime extremely varied from 50% to almost 100%. The introduction of variants with classics proved lower incidence in the field IBV isolates and higher protection in experimental trials, which varied according to the variant vaccine used and the strain of the challenge virus. In conclusion, the vaccination efficacy against IBV is a crucial issue, and we must keep in mind proper vaccine handling, application, and the maximal use of one classic beside one variant as a protectotype along the Egyptian farms to avoid the evolution of more variants.

Meat products contain protein, which is important for growth needed by human body, in addition to contain some minerals and vitamins as iodine, iron, zinc, and B12. This high nutritional value of meat products makes them vulnerable to spoilage and difficult to be preserved. Natural preservatives have emerged as alternatives to chemical preservatives. Natural additives have shown potential to provide effective antimicrobial and antioxidant activity while reducing negative health impacts. Incorporating lycopene into meat products has gained much interest among food scientists and in the meat industry. Some past articles concerning the lycopene addition effect on the quality of meat products have been published. Based on the above, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the applications of lycopene as a natural colorant and antibacterial in meat products, and to provide a comprehensive summary of the effectiveness and progress of lycopene in the preservation of meat products over the last decade. The information in this review provides ideas for future applications of lycopene in meat preservation as a natural antioxidant, which has great potential to replace traditional artificial preservatives.

The rising occurrences of male reproductive disorders, as decreased semen (quality and quantity) and testicular cancer, are of great concern for animal production. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the toxic impact of cypermethrin on the fertility of male rats. Other goal was using the Panax ginseng as androgenic drug for reducing the negative impact of cypermethrin poisoned rats. In the results, oral LD50 of cypermethrin in mature male rats was found to be 374.633 ±12.187 mg/kg. Based on that, thirty-two adult male rats were equally divided into four groups. Group (1) served as –ve control; group (2) treated with 0.1% Panax in feed and kept as +ve control; group (3) orally dosed 1/40 LD50 of cypermethrin; and group (4) intubated the same dose of cypermethrin and panax admixed with diet for 60 days. The results demonstrated that cypermethrin generated obvious disorders in male fertility as evidenced by a significant decrease in the blood testosterone, LH and FSH hormones, testes weights, sperm count and motility, and live sperm percentage. Sperm cell abnormalities were significantly elevated in cypermethrin poisoned rats compared. Although the group treated by cypermethrin with panax showed a lesser effect. Cypermethrin intoxication showed sever alteration in fertility indices and fetal values. Histopathological examinations on the testes, seminal vesicles, and prostate glands served as confirmation for all findings. A positive control group didn’t significantly differ as compared to a negative control. Otherwise, it recorded the best results in percentage of motile and live sperm, especially drops of sperm cell abnormalities. Results concluded that involvement with cypermethrin caused overt defects in male reproductive function, which were cured by administering the androgenic drug Panax.

A male camel, aged 11 years, had a solid and mobile mass on the left side of the upper jaw. X-ray imaging showed a distinct, radiopaque and oval-shaped mass at the level of the parotid duct. The condition was diagnosed as left parotid duct sialolithiasis. The sialolith was surgically removed through a transcutaneous approach. The male camel had uneventful recovery without complications. This paper reported a rare case of sialolithiasis in dromedary camel and described its clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and surgical treatment.

Studies to elucidate the magnitude of mites problem in pigs, its distribution and the possible risk factors associated with infestation are lacking in Lesotho. A cross sectional study was conducted from 138 pigs selected from 70 households to determine the prevalence of pig mites and its associated risk factors. The structured questionnaires were administered to gather information from 70 pig farmers on pig management and potential risk factors for mite infestation. Binary logistic regression within SPSS (20.00) was used for determining the prevalence of mites in different parameters. Out of 138 pigs examined 91 (65.9%) tested positive for Sarcoptes scabiei. Female (56.5%) pigs were significantly (p<0.05) more infected than males (11.5%). The prevalence of mites differed significantly (p<0.05) between different age groups where young (41.4%) pigs had higher infection than adult pigs (26.5%). In terms of body regions, there was no statistical significant variation on the prevalence of mites between the back (53.6%) and the flanks (50.0%) however, both of these rates were significantly higher than the prevalence rate recorded for the ears (26.1%). It is concluded that pig mites represent a common health problem whereby sex, age and body region are important risk factors associated with infestation.

Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid that has been identified from a variety of plant species including Cortex phellodendron (Huang bai), Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), and Rhizoma coptidis (Huanglian). A growing body of research has demonstrated that this chemical has a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. BBR has been proven in studies to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Furthermore, BBR appears to boost the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism by raising the activity of CAT, SOD, and GPx while reducing OS variables such as protein carbonyl (PC) content, MDA, and NO levels. This review threw light on the pharmacological activities and medicinal uses of BBR.

Microbial proteases have been preferred over animal and plant proteases because of their basic properties and ease of production. Bacillus subtilis SFL, an alkaline-thermal protease-producing bacterium was isolated from different sources of wastewater and identified using morphological, biochemical, and molecular methods. The 16S rDNA sequence has been deposited in GenBank with accession number OP714187. Partial purification of alkaline protease was performed by precipitation by 60% ammonium sulfate and ethyl acetate by the ratio (1:1) and column chromatography (gel filtration) by using a sephadex G-100. The optimum temperature and pH of the partially purified alkaline-thermal protease of Bacillus subtilis SFL was at 40°C and pH 8.0. Our results show that 40 g/l of meat extract and 12 g/l of xylose serve as the best nitrogen and carbon sources respectively for the production of this enzyme. The effect of tested metal ions indicated that Mg+2, Ca+2, Na+, Fe+2, Cu+2, Co+2 and Cd+2 inhibited the activity of the protease from Bacillus subtilis SFL. The crude and partially purified protease from B. subtilis SFL substantially degraded red blood cells, distained blood color, dehaired cow skin and decomposed cow hair.

Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common diseases affecting dogs. The disease has been reported worldwide including Egypt causing both acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in the infected dogs. Two distinct parvoviruses are incriminated in the disease occurrence CPV-1 and CPV-2. However, the CPV-2 is the most pathogenic and includes three antigenic variants namely, CPV2a, CPV2b and CPV2c. Since the molecular characterization of CPV is critical for future disease prevention and control, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of CPV-2 in dogs in Giza governorate, Egypt, and molecular characterization of circulating CPV-2. A total of 300 stool samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs suggestive of canine parvovirus from different veterinary hospitals and clinics in Giza governorate, during the period from January 2022 to December 2022. The overall prevalence of CPV-2 in dogs was 72.67% and it was significantly associated with breed, sex and age of examine dogs. In addition, the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of circulating CPV-2 based on VP2 gene revealed that the circulating strain is CPV-2c. The present findings suggest that the failure of vaccination may be attributed to the use of CPV-2b commercial vaccines in areas where CPV-2c is prevalent.

Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug with outstanding efficacy and a wide margin of safety. This drug has been widely utilized in veterinary medicine since 1987, and its use in humans has grown. Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent licensed by the FDA. Ivermectin is a mixture of 80% or more avermectin B1a (AB1a) analogue and 20% or less avermectin B1b analogue. Iverzine has been proven to have widespread antiviral action in recent years. Ivermectin has also a broad-spectrum activity against the viruses that cause dengue, Zika, HIV, and yellow fever in vitro. Despite this in vitro action, no clinical trials have shown that ivermectin has a therapeutic benefit in patients with these viruses. Some ivermectin studies have also revealed potential anti-inflammatory qualities, which may be beneficial in persons with COVID-19. However, the use of ivermectin in animals was also associated with some histopathological effects in the internal organs including the liver, kidney, spleen, and brain. The purpose of this review was to provide light on the mechanism of action of ivermectin and its related histopathological consequences in various animal species.

Milk contains a lot of bioactive peptides, vitamins, and trace minerals including calcium and magnesium. Mold contamination of milk and aflatoxin formation are major concerns in the food industry. One of the primary tasks of the food safety and public health sectors is to ensure that the population receives safe animal products. Given these considerations, the current investigation attempted to examine into mold contamination of retailed raw milk from cattle, buffaloes, and sheep. Furthermore, the total aflatoxins in the analyzed samples were estimated, and their potential health risks were explored further. The obtained results revealed that cattle milk had the highest mold contamination, followed by buffalo and sheep milk, with 60%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. In the current study, the identification of distinct mold species indicated four mold genera recovered from the milk samples, namely Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp. was the most prevalent mold genera isolated from the milk samples of cattle, sheep, and buffaloes, with 34%, 13.2%, and 11.3%, respectively. The mean total aflatoxins (ppb) levels in the milk samples tested were 5.05±0.25 (cattle), 4.22±0.18 (buffaloes), and 3.1±0.11 (sheep), respectively. In conclusion, mold contamination was found in retailed raw milk from cattle, buffaloes, and sheep in Zagazig, Egypt. Aflatoxin was found in several samples. As a result, efficient heat treatment of milk to pasteurization temperatures and avoidance of raw milk consumption are strongly advised.