The intense and unconscious use of antibacterial drugs or vitamins to protect fisheries production, fight against fish diseases and promote growth in fish can lead to the emergence of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and serious public health problems through consumption. Little is known about the food-borne pathogens detected by molecular methods in fish which are grown in fish farms in Turkey and about the antimicrobial resistance genes of food-borne pathogens. In this study, DNA isolations were first made from collected fish muscle samples. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM) and carbapanemase (blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, blaIMP) genes were investigated in fish tissue and DNA was found to be positive with qPCR. As a result of isolation in 50 fish samples, 70 bacteria were detected by qPCR. Of the 11 samples with E.coli, 3 were identified as E. coli O157: H7. In the fish samples, Aeromonas spp. was detected at the highest percentage (46%), followed by P.shigelloides. When the distribution of the extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes were examined with qPCR in the samples with positive results, blaCTX-M was detected in 22 samples, teblaSHV in 19 samples and blaTEM genes were detected in 10 specimens. In 17 samples of P. shigelloides positive, no antimicrobial resistance gene was detected. When the distributions of the carbapenemase genes were found in the positive samples, the blaKPC gene was found to be positive in 6 samples and Aeromonas spp. was detected in 5 of these samples. The aim of this study was to analyze the status of food-borne pathogens detected in trout species in the Euphrates River and to analyze and demonstrate the antimicrobial resistance genes of these bacteria using the qPCR method. Food-borne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes such as extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and carbapanemases, were determined by molecular methods. To be able to reduce the currently increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance, the unconscious use of drugs should be reduced in the treatment of aquatic diseases and the data of the resistance genes in the pathogens detected in fish should be followed molecularly and epidemiologically.

miRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators of protein synthesis. It is known that miRNAs, which are members of the non-coding RNAs class, are effective in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression and the hereditary and adaptive immune response. miRNAs bind to target mRNAs to regulate gene expression by mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. miRNAs have functions in the formation or development of many diseases such as cancer, viral and autoimmune diseases in which epigenetic mechanisms play a role. With the development of miRNA-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in recent years, miRNA research has gained importance. In this review, general information about miRNA is emphasized, its role in some diseases and the relationship between immunity and miRNA are examined.

Urinary myiasis is mainly caused by the larvae of Psychoda albipennis, Fannia scalaris, Musca spp., Sarcophaga spp., Lucilia spp., Wohlfahrtia spp., Calliphora spp., and rarely by Eristalis tenax, Cordylobia anthropophaga and Clogmia albipunctata. Intestinal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Fannia canicularis, Eristalis tenax, Musca domestica, Calliphora vicina and rarely by Clogmia (Telmatoscopus) albipunctatus. The first case is a 47-year-old woman with difficulty in urination, frequent urination, haematuria, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, urinary incontinence and occasional small, moving, dark colored worm-like organisms in her urine for 4-5 months. The second case is an 8-year-old boy who complained of yellowish worm-like organisms in his feces, teeth grinding and to saliva in sleep for some time. These patients were referred to our department from the Department of Infectious Diseases of Medical Faculty Hospital in Kirikkale University. The larvae brought by the patient in separate containers were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The examined larvae were identified as Psyhcoda albipennis in urine and Fannia canicularis in faeces. In these cases, Psychoda albipennis was the second case in urine, while Fannia canicularis was the first case in feces in Kirikkale. It was found interesting that the mother and her son had different myiasis factors at the same time. This study shed slight on the medical importance of urinary and intestinal myiasis.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 2017-0730 Patent Number Thermolife Ixir product on weight loss and some biochemistry values in obese rat with fatty liver. Thirty male Wistar albino rats fed a high-fat diet were the material of the study. An obesity model was created in rats fed a special high fat diet. Ad libitum feeding was applied to rats with a special diet and water. These rats were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 rats in each group. Group B was given 1 gram of the product daily, and 1.5 grams of the product was given to group C while group A was served as control. All rats were fed a high-fat diet. Before the study, the body weight was measured and blood was drawn for serum parameters. The test mixture was administered orally for a month, the same parameters were measued periodically and differences were determined. After the study, it was observed that the body weight of the rats in group B and C decreased significantly compared to group A. It was determined that there was a decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride values, an increase in HDL values and, the changes in other parameters were not statistically significant. At the end of the study (the 30th day), it was observed that the adipose tissues in the body appearred normal and lower in the rats in group B and C which were fed without a diet change. The rats in group A had appearent fatty tissues in abdomen and aroud the different areas of the body. In histopathological examination, the liver in group A rats was associated with hepatic steatosis, which covered approxiamtely 10% of the liver, due to excessive fatty nutrition. In a dependent manner, the rats in groups B and C had lower triglyceride and glucose levels and higher HDL levels. In conclusion, the Thermolife Ixir productcauses weight loss and fat burning in rats in a dose dependent manner that is also associated with increase in HDL as well decrease in triglyceride and glucose levels.

The aim of the present study was to examine gastrointestinal parasites in stool samples collected from stray dogs cared in animal shelters of Kırıkkale and Ankara and pet dogs that have been taken to the clinics and animal hospitals for control and treatment, and to evaluate the results for public health. Stool samples of 200 animals were obtained by arriving relevant centres for this purpose. Stool samples obtained were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Fülleborn Flotation and Benedek Sedimentation techniques were applied onto the stool samples for microscopic examination; Mc Master technique as used to determine the egg count per stool gram in stool samples which were positive for parasite. Stool samples were also examined for protozoan trophozoites and cysts through Giemsa staining, and for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts through Carbol-Fuchsin staining. According to the results of this study, helminths and protozoans were detected with following rates; Toxocara canis by 18%, Toxascaris leonina by 9%, Taenia spp. by 0.5%, Ancylostoma spp. by 7.5%, Dipylidium caninum by 0.5%, Hymenolepis diminuta by 0.5%, and Fasciolid type egg by 1.5%; protozoans detected in the stool samples were Isospora spp. by 14.5%, Giardia spp. by 16.5%, and Cryptosporidium spp. by 2%. Furthermore, the egg of Linguatula serrata (0.5%) was detected in one dog, and mature Demodex spp. (2%) was detected in 4 dogs.

One of the most common diseases in horse breeding is colic. Colic cases are the leading cause of horse loss and economic loss in Turkey as well as the whole world. Failure to the effective management of colic is a major obstacle in obtaining the desired yield of sport horses in Turkey and it is thought that most people are away from horse breeding and equestrian sports due to this reason. The objectives of this study are to set forth the prevalence and cost of colic cases in sport horses for two years and, present the rate of recurrent colic cases in the same period respectively. Throughout the study, economical and some technical parameters related to the course of the disease were obtained between January 2017 and December 2018. Interviews and data collection were conducted from 984 sport horses in all ages and gender for 24 months. The collected data were recorded and processed in the database created via MS Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS 22 for Windows. The average cost of colic management for a 4-day treatment in 2018 was $215.60. The rate of recurrent colic cases was 48,2% and the development of laminitis was 11,9% in a year following the treatment. As a result, it was estimated that the average annual economic loss of colic in 984 horses was $36.806 in addition to horse losses. Horses that survived spontaneously, without any invasive treatment, and suffering from different disorders other than colic, were removed from the study. It is concluded that reduction of cost in colic cases and prevention of recurrent colic cases and post-colic diseases, such as laminitis, would increase horse welfare and yield from horses in Turkey.

This research aims to make economic analysis by considering the production activities of dairy cattle enterprises in Sivas Province, Turkey and to determine whether they are working profitably. This study was conducted in 80 dairy cattle farms, members of the Dairy Cattle Breeders Association of Sivas, in 2019-2020. Among the selected establishments, those with a maximum of 5 cows were defined as small-scale, those with up to 6-15 cows were medium-scale, and those with 16 or more cows were defined as large-scale enterprises. According to the results of the research, the percentage of cost items that comprise the cost consist of  were as follows; 51.3% feed, 30.1% labor costs, 3.4% health expenses, 2.6% general administrative expenses, and 2.6% other expenses, respectively. Looking at examined the income items, milk income ranks first with 71.7%. This item is followed by calf income with 12.2%, an increase in inventory value with 11.4%, and state support with 4.6%. The average cost of 1 liter of milk was found to be $ 0.19 in the study. When we look at the financial profitability, economic profitability, and profitability factors, it is seen that small-scale enterprises are located negatively position and the cost-to-return ratio of these enterprises is less than 1. These values ​​show that small-scale farms' are not working profitably. In medium and large enterprises, these values ​​are located in a positive area. It is seen that the ratio of cost to revenue in medium-sized enterprises is equal to "1", that these enterprises are in transition to the profit part, and in the analysis of the profitability parameters in large-scale enterprises, they have been seen located in the fully profitable region.