The organic food sector and consumer interest in organic products are growing continuously. The safety and quality of such products must be at least equal to those of conventional equivalents, but attaining the same standards requires overcoming a particular problem identified in organic food production systems: the occurrence of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic Escherichia coli. These food-borne microorganisms were detected in the production environments of such food. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in organic livestock and products may be higher, but may also be the same as or lower than in like material from conventional farms. Furthermore, the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria was more often detected in conventional than in organic production. The aim of this review was to present the recent information on the microbiological safety of food of animal origin produced from raw materials from organic farms.

Turkey histomonosis poses a serious threat to poultry production due to the ban on the use of effective drugs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a phytoncidal feed supplement on the course of histomonosis. The preparation was also analysed for immunomodulatory properties.

Introduction of an animal viral disease, especially a notifiable disease, into an importing country or region free from the disease may lead to serious epidemiological consequences and economic losses. Trade in live animals is historically considered one of the most important risk pathways. To estimate the magnitude of such risk, the likelihood of a virus’ entry into a country and the consequences of this event should be jointly evaluated. Depending on data availability, the urgency of the problem and the detail level of the objectives, a risk assessment may be conducted in a qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative way. The purpose of this review was firstly to provide a brief description of each step of the risk analysis process, with particular emphasis on the risk assessment component, and subsequently to supply examples of different approaches to the assessment of the risk of the introduction of selected animal viral diseases. Based on the reviewed models, the overall likelihood of introduction of particular diseases was generally estimated as low. The output risk value was strongly dependent on the duration of the silent phase of the epidemic in the country of origin. Other parameters with some bearing upon the risk derived from the epidemiological situation in the country of origin and the biosecurity or mitigation measures implemented in the country of destination. The investigated models are universal tools for conducting assessment of the risk of introduction of various animal diseases to any country. Their application may lead to timely implementation of appropriate measures for the prevention of the spread of a disease to another country or region.

Enterococci are widespread, being part of the bacterial flora of humans and animals. The food chain can be therefore considered as the main route of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria between the animal and human populations. Milk in particular represents a source from which resistant bacteria can enter the human food chain. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence and resistance to antimicrobial agents of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from raw goat’s milk samples.

Although ovine cysticercosis is not a zoonotic problem, it results in substantial economic losses due to the condemnation of infected tissues or entire carcasses. This study aimed to record preliminary data on the prevalence, and phylogenetic diversity of Cysticercus ovis isolates from slaughtered sheep in the province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) has oncolytic activity and has been promoting as a virotherapy agent.  The objective of this study was to evaluate the potency of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 as a virotherapy agent. This study was used the white rat Rattus norvegicus as an animal fibrosarcoma model. Benzo(a)pyrene solution at 0.3% (w/v) was used to induce fibrosarcoma. After fibrosarcoma appeared, rats were treated as follows: Rats in group P0 were injected with 0.5 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS), while those in group P1 were injected with the ND virus, intratumorally at a dose of 0.5 mL of 29 HA titer of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017. The dynamic of tumor growth was evaluated. Upon the starting point of the treatment, the mean volume of rat tumors mass of P0 and P1 were 1,769.83±1,103.58 mm3 and 1,194.29±592.82 mm3, respectively. At the end of the treatment, the mean tumor volume of P0 was 8,549.38±5,347.51 mm3, while at P1 was 3,848.25 ± 3,539,189 mm3. From the observation of microscopic images, it was found that the number of blood vessels at P1 was 44.67±19.348, significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the P0 (121.33±34.530). From this study, it can be concluded that virotherapy with NDV-Tabanan-1/ARP/2017, can inhibit fibrosarcoma growth and reduce the number of blood vessel in the tumor. The effectiveness of Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 as a virotherapy agent is discussed.

Investigation was carried out to find out the prevalence and larval burden of O. ovis in goats. Slaughtered goat heads were examined for O. ovis larvae infection from March 2018 to February 2019 at different slaughterhouse in multiple areas of Karachi. A total of 527 (285 male and 242 female) goat heads were examined for the presence of O. ovis larvae.  Out of the examined, 191 were found infected, with 36.24% rate of infection. The infection rate in male goats was 39.64% that is higher as compared to female goats 32.23%. The highest prevalence was observed in the month of December. A total of 1434 larvae were collected from infected goat heads. The mean number of larvae in infected goats was 7.51±4.34. The density of larvae in infected goats ranged from 1 to 40. Among 1434 collected larvae, 818 (57.0 %) were 3rd instar larvae, 494 (34.4 %) were 2nd instar larvae and 122 (8.6 %) were found to be 1st instar larvae. It is concluded that the infection with O. ovis in goats represent a risk for the goat production in the studied areas, therefore, it is suggested to take possible measurements for protection and control of O. ovis larvae in goats.

Tissue Factor (TF) histology is an essential prognosticator of hemostasis and outcomes in local thrombus. Fresh tissue testing for pathologist evaluation is the best loyal technique for histology categorization, in spite of this, no literature in histology allude to the characteristics and the distribution of TF in hemal node of water buffalo species. In this research paper, author proposes an original approach to predicting cellular allocation to TF antibody in hemal node. Over the branches of iliac arteries of the abdominal aorta and superficial temporal arteries of temporal region, samples were validated on a dataset comprising 7-12 fresh hemal nodes per healthy water buffalo receiving Islamic slaughtering. Samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, sections were organized and stained for routine histological interpretations, and anti-TF antibody was utilized for immunofluorescence examination. Hemal node held a small peanut size. It was bordered with a connective tissue capsule fashioned up chiefly of collagen fibers along with few reticular fibers, and smooth muscle cells. Short trabeculae existed from capsule splitting the areas of subcapsular sinus. Inside hemal node parenchyma, lymphoid follicles and blood sinusoids were spontaneously scattered. Immunofluorescence staining highlighted the positive TF expressions to a population of cells homing the capsule, trabeculae, and lymphoid cords. Whereas a few positive TF expression remained demarking the bounds of lymphoid follicles. Hopefully, this research has the potential to enhance new approaches and provide a helpful reference for diagnosticians to monitor any morphological alterations in TF locality and elucidate the pathophysiology of life threating diseases in ruminant.

Buffalo is an emerging species after cattle though they have some phenotypic difference. To assess differentiation between species based on body measurements a factorial experiment (2 species × 3 ages) of CRD conducted in Bangladesh. Live weight of buffalo (464.2 kg) differed (P < 0.001) with cattle (388.5 kg) and it increased (P < 0.001) with the increase of age. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed in the case of body condition score (BCS). The skin of buffalo was found thicker (P < 0.001) than cattle. Nine of the body measurements of buffalo (heart girth (HG), barrel (Ba), horn length (HL), horn circumference (HC), thigh circumference (ThC), hind shank circumference (HsC), fore shank circumference (FsC), hook to hook distance (HHD), and pin to pin distance (PPD) were higher (P < 0.001) than cattle. Wither height (WH), muzzle (Mz), tail circumference (TC), and hook to pin distance (HPD) differed (P < 0.01) between the species. Hip height (HH) differed significantly (P < 0.05). All the body parameters and skin thickness showed age effects. Live weights of the two species had a strong correlation with HG and Ba (0.79 and 0.74, respectively). HG showed strong correlation with Ba, HC, HsC and HHD (0.84, 0.72, 0.73 and 0.78, respectively). The correlation coefficient between WH and HH were 0.84, and HsC and FsC was 0.78. HL had strong correlation with HC, FsC and HHD (0.88, 0.71 and 0.79, respectively). So, various phenotypic traits were responsible for the change of other traits positively.

Staphylococcus aureus is internationally recognised as a principal agent of mastitis and the foremost reason for economic loss in the dairy industry. The limited data available on organism-specific antibiotic resistance surveillance in dairy cattle have stimulated the need for such a review article. The objective of this study was to review relevant literature on antimicrobial resistance of mastitis-causing staphylococci isolated from dairy cows in South Africa compared to other countries. Factors relating to the incidence of mastitis and treatment strategies in terms of the One Health concept and food security were included. The Web of Science (all databases) and relevant websites were used, and articles not written in English were excluded. The incidence of mastitis varied between South Africa and other countries. Antimicrobial resistance patterns caused by S. aureus also varied in regions within Southern Africa and those of other countries although some similarities were shown. Antimicrobial resistance differed between S. aureus bacteria that were maltose positive and negative (an emerging pathogen). The results highlighted the importance of the availability of organism-specific surveillance data of the incidence of mastitis and antibiotic resistance for specific countries and within similar climatic conditions. Accurate knowledge about whether a specific pathogen is resistant to an antibiotic within a certain climate, country, area or farm should reduce the incidence of unnecessary or incorrect treatment with antibiotics. This should enable dairy farmers to deal with these organisms in a more effective manner. Therefore such research should be ongoing.