Colibacillosis, a disease caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is one of the main causes of economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. This study was carried out in order to determine the APEC-associated virulence genes contained by E. coli isolates causing colibacillosis in chickens. A total of 45 E. coli isolates were obtained from the diagnostics and research branch of the Central Veterinary Laboratories, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. These isolates were obtained from chickens with confirmed cases of colibacillosis after postmortem examination. The presence of the iutA, hlyF, ompT, frz, sitD, fimH, kpsM, sitA, sopB, uvrY, pstB and vat genes were investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Of the 45 isolates, 93% were positive for the presence of at least one virulence gene. The three most prevalent virulence genes were iutA (80%), fimH (33.3%) and hlyF (24.4%). The kpsM, pstB and ompT genes had the lowest prevalence, having been detected in only 2.2% of the isolates. All 12 virulence genes studied were detected in the 45 APEC isolates. Virulence gene profiles were constructed for each APEC isolate from the multiplex data. The APEC isolates were profiled as 62.2% fitting profile A, 31.1% profile B and 6.7% profile C. None of the isolates had more than seven virulence genes. Virulence profiles of Zimbabwean APEC isolates are different from those previously reported. Zimbabwean APEC isolates appear to be less pathogenic and may rely on environmental factors and stress in hosts to establish infection.

The present study to evaluate the third degree burn involved all skin layers (full-thickness burns), and that by using ziziphus leaf extract and nigella seed extract as an ointment. Healthy twelve mature rabbits either sex, weighing 2-2.5 kg, bred locally were used. Divided in to two groups (ziziphus group and nigella group) six rabbits of rabbits each one burned experimentally by using fire source directly on skin surface and then treated with local application of ointment (ziziphus leaf ointment and nigella sativa seed ointment) each one on it is group with daily dressing by using medical gauze. This study appeared the benefit effect of ziziphus ointment and nigella ointment in burn healing in histopathological changes, but the group treated with ziziphus leaf extract (ointment) was better than the other group in cellular response to inflammatory process that occur during healing by early apparition of re-epithelialization

The trachea of the local sheep is a tubular structure that begins at the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and ends when it bifurcates to form the principle bronchi, composed of series of incomplete rings that were incomplete dorsally present between of them longitudinal folds. The study include twelve specimens divided into four groups grossly, histological study, cast and radiography. The anatomical study include the mean total tracheal length from the first ring to the bifurcation about (25.9 cm) , mean number of cartilaginous rings (48.6), mean number of folds (45), measured the length of trachea from the cricoids cartilage to the trachealis bronchus which enter to the cranial lobe of lung which branches from the trachea in last third before divided into two bronchi right and left each of one enter the lung for respiration also measure diameters of each tracheal ring which deference according the position of rings, which decrease of diameters when direction caudally to the root of lung the rings have different shape in the three parts of the trachea cervical, middle and thoracic the histological study showed the trachea lining pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, the wall of trachea consist of mucosa, submuosa, hyaline cartilage and adventitia and have large amount of tracheal gland,the trachealis muscle composed of elastic fibers interupted with smooth fibers. The cast of trachea showed the bronchial tree and radiography explain the trachea , bronchi and bronchioles.

The objective of present study was to investigate the gross and histopathological findings of calves kidneys slaughtered in Mosul abattoir. Pathological examination were carried out on fifty calves' kidneys. The most common gross lesions were included 20% multifocal white spots, 16% enlarged pale kidneys20% congested enlarged kidneys , 10% small shrunken kidneys, 14% hyperemic hemorrhagic kidneys, 20% kidneys without any gross lesions. The common observation in the histopathological examination of the kidneys revealed slight to severe mononuclear infiltration were commonly observed, widening of the Bowman's space were common, nephrosis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, acute tubular degeneration and necrosis. Cysts were observed also in this study.

This study performed in twenty four male Sprague Dawley rats for (90) days which divided randomly into four equal groups. Group (1): received normal saline daily. Group (2): received orally codeine-paracetamol(40/2500 mg / kg b.w) daily. Group (3): received orally codeine-paracetamol (80/5000 mg / kg b.w)daily. Group (4): received orally codeine- paracetamol (160 /10000 mg / kg b.w) daily. After end of day (90) of study all animals were sacrificed to do the histopathological and biochemical examinations. The statistical analysis results revealed the body weight effects of codeine-paracetamol toxicity a significant (P≤0.05) decreases of treated group after (90) days of treatment. The histopathological investigation of liver, kidney and brain of treated groups showed centrolobular necrosis, dilation of sinusoids, vaculation of hepatocytes and septal fibrosis of liver while kidney showed vaculation of mesengial cells of glomeruli, necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules and dilation of renal cortical tubules, also brain of treated group showed vaculation of neurons, these changes are appeared mild in group (2), moderated in group (3) and sever in group (4). The statistical analysis results of biochemical investigations of liver and kidney function tests showed a significant (P≤0.05) increases of levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine respectively in all treated groups which these enzymes increased mildly in group (2), moderately in group (3) and severely in group (4).

In recent years, pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives attracted organic chemists due to their widespread potential biological and chemotherapeutic activities. In this study, pyrimidine derivative namely 6-Chloro-2,4-diamino pyrimidine was screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cerius, Streptococcus spp, Klebsella- spp and salmonella spp and fungicidal activity against Aspergillus multi, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. A compound exhibited low antibacterial and antifungal activity with the reference standard Streptomycin, Vancomycin and Nystatin respectively. The toxicity of the compound was also assayed via the determination of their LD50 value by using Dixon , s up and down method (1980). Studied compound was found to have an LD50 of 518.6 mg / kg of body weight.

The present study assessed the effects of O-anisidine hydrochloride and the ameliorating effect of Quercetin dihydrate in laboratory rats. Sixteen male and thirty two female rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used and divided into eight equal groups of two male and four female rats each. The results revealed that the treatment with Oanisidine hydrochloride for 30 days (T1, T2 and T3 groups) caused significant decrease in the males body weights, sperm count, individual and massive sperm motility, testes weights, and epididymis weights as compared with control and (T4, T5, T6 and T7) groups at (P≤0.05).When Quercetin dihydrate was offered as an ameliorating agent, it showed a significant ameliorating effect by increasing the body weights, sperm count, individual and massive sperm motility, testes weights, and epididymis weights . When Quercetin dihydrate was offered alone in the ration of the sixth treated group (T6), it caused clear significant ameliorating effect on all sperm parameters comparing with all treated groups and the sperm count was even significantly higher than that of control group while the other aspects were similar to those of control group at (P≤0.05). Beside, O-anisidine caused significant decrease in the number of pregnant females, number of delivered litters, weight of litters and sex ratio, and it prevented the pregnancy from being occurred in the group where both male and females are treated with it (T1). When Quercetin was mixed with Oanisidine in the ration of (T7), it significantly ameliorated the pregnancy chances,number of litters and the sex ratio as compared with the other groups but it didn’t reach to significant level with control group at (P≤0.05).