One of the most common diseases in horse breeding is colic. Colic cases are the leading cause of horse loss and economic loss in Turkey as well as the whole world. Failure to the effective management of colic is a major obstacle in obtaining the desired yield of sport horses in Turkey and it is thought that most people are away from horse breeding and equestrian sports due to this reason. The objectives of this study are to set forth the prevalence and cost of colic cases in sport horses for two years and, present the rate of recurrent colic cases in the same period respectively. Throughout the study, economical and some technical parameters related to the course of the disease were obtained between January 2017 and December 2018. Interviews and data collection were conducted from 984 sport horses in all ages and gender for 24 months. The collected data were recorded and processed in the database created via MS Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS 22 for Windows. The average cost of colic management for a 4-day treatment in 2018 was $215.60. The rate of recurrent colic cases was 48,2% and the development of laminitis was 11,9% in a year following the treatment. As a result, it was estimated that the average annual economic loss of colic in 984 horses was $36.806 in addition to horse losses. Horses that survived spontaneously, without any invasive treatment, and suffering from different disorders other than colic, were removed from the study. It is concluded that reduction of cost in colic cases and prevention of recurrent colic cases and post-colic diseases, such as laminitis, would increase horse welfare and yield from horses in Turkey.

This research aims to make economic analysis by considering the production activities of dairy cattle enterprises in Sivas Province, Turkey and to determine whether they are working profitably. This study was conducted in 80 dairy cattle farms, members of the Dairy Cattle Breeders Association of Sivas, in 2019-2020. Among the selected establishments, those with a maximum of 5 cows were defined as small-scale, those with up to 6-15 cows were medium-scale, and those with 16 or more cows were defined as large-scale enterprises. According to the results of the research, the percentage of cost items that comprise the cost consist of  were as follows; 51.3% feed, 30.1% labor costs, 3.4% health expenses, 2.6% general administrative expenses, and 2.6% other expenses, respectively. Looking at examined the income items, milk income ranks first with 71.7%. This item is followed by calf income with 12.2%, an increase in inventory value with 11.4%, and state support with 4.6%. The average cost of 1 liter of milk was found to be $ 0.19 in the study. When we look at the financial profitability, economic profitability, and profitability factors, it is seen that small-scale enterprises are located negatively position and the cost-to-return ratio of these enterprises is less than 1. These values ​​show that small-scale farms' are not working profitably. In medium and large enterprises, these values ​​are located in a positive area. It is seen that the ratio of cost to revenue in medium-sized enterprises is equal to "1", that these enterprises are in transition to the profit part, and in the analysis of the profitability parameters in large-scale enterprises, they have been seen located in the fully profitable region.

Looking at the historical development of orthopedic medicine, the story of the pioneers in this field emerging implant and implantation techniques with the general progress of general medicine is seen. These people have described very successful and permanent mainstream methods for the treatment of bone fractures, which have been a problem since ancient times. This article briefly describes the pioneers of orthopedics from past to present and the development of orthopedics in veterinary medicine.

Candida species are the most common encountered agent of fungal infections. Catheter related infections affect over one million patients in Europe and US annually. Candida species infections are responsible for over 63 % of fungal infections in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles in urinary catheter related cystitis and vulvo vaginitis of C.albicans, which is common for human and veterinary medicine is very hard to treat. Thirty healthy adult female Wistar rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into three groups; experimental group with C.albicans inoculation and treatment (n = 10) and positive control group C.albicans inoculations without treatment (n=10) and negative control group with urinary catheter placed without any pathogen inoculation (n=10). Nanobiosilver was administrated after the establishment of infection. Vulvovaginal and urinary bladder tissues collected at necropsy were process for Gomori staining histopathology and electron microscopy. Rats received inoculation exhibited significant outcomes associated with fungal infections compare to negative control rats. Results of control group were between physiological limits. C.albicans was detected in urine samples at 72nd hours after inoculation in experimental group but not observed at 7th day in animals treated with nanobiosilver. In conclusion, due to its safety, efficacy and lack of systemic effects, nanobiosilver could be an excellent alternative for the initial treatment of catheter related candidiasis in veterinary medicine.

The aim of the presented study was to investigate the efficacy of intrafollicular GDF-9, GATA-4, GATA-6, IGF-I and IGF-II levels on etiopathogenesis of follicular cystic degenerations in dairy cows in accordance with some puerperal physiology parameters. After calving in the farm, all the cows were screened for the preovulatory and cystic follicles via ultrasonography with 5 MHz transrectal linear probe for the evaluation of ovarian activity at the days of postpartum 14, 24, 34, 44 and 55. Preovulatory and cystic follicular fluids were collected by aspiration via transvaginal ovum pick up method. Furthermore, uterine involution and vaginal discharges were evaluated by clinical examinations. Intrafollicular expression of GDF-9, GATA-4 and GATA-6 proteins were estimated by Western-blot assay and IGF-I levels were determined by ELISA. In cyst group, densitometric evaluation revealed that the expression of intrafollicular GDF-9, GATA-4 and GATA-6 and IGF-I levels were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.01). According to ovarian examinations, in cyst group, it was observed that at the day of postpartum 14 and 24, the difference in follicular diameters were significant between groups (p<0.01) and the follicles moved directly to cystic structure at the days of postpartum 24 or 34, is originated from same follicles at the day of postpartum 14. Involution process was observed to be slightly lower in cyst group, but, it was determined that there was no difference in uterine involutions among the study groups (p>0.05). In follicular cyst group, especially at the days of postpartum 24 and 34, the observation of severe mucotic vaginal discharges was found noteworthy. As a result, dairy cows presenting cystic ovaries, have lower intrafollicular GDF-9, GATA-4, GATA-6 and IGF-I levels than those of the preovulatory follicle group and also it has been suggested that, these proteins may play an active role in the etiopathogenesis of ovarian cysts and these findings may be associated with physiological parameters as well.

Embriyonic deaths (ED) are one of the most important economic losses in breeding mares. Energy deficit and hormonal changes in the lactating mare is expected to increase the incidence of embriyonic deaths. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the liability of ED from lactation and body condition score changes during breeding season in KWPN (Koninklijk Warmbloed Paard Nederland) mares, on which there are a limited number of studies about the reproductive properties in this breed. At the onset of reproductive activity inception in lactation, average body condition score (BCS) was  7.44 ± 0.24, until the second estrous cycle postpartum it was decreased (6.89 ± 0.20), and by the end of the breeding season  upward tendency (6.96 ± 0.18) was observed. In the non-lactating mares the average BCS was 6.33 ± 0.21, continuously rising until the end of the breeding season (7.17 ± 0.31). The rate of embryonic deaths were 25.58% in lactating mares (11/43). In the non-lactating mares, total of 16 pregnancies were recorded in any of the embryonic mortality was observed. As a result, the decrease in embryonic death occurred in body weight and BCS, depending on the energy loss in lactating mares KWPN was concluded to be remarkable factors with increasing incidence. Therefore the reproductive status of the mares in the generative approach has been demonstrated that a strategy should be kept in mind strongly.

Nigella (Nigella sativa) plants and oil for centuries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East today is by the United States and millions of people in Europe "to promote health" was a plant used and has been a material referenced in terms of health. As a result of scientific research, it was suggested that the seeds of vitamins, active substances and essential fatty acids should be consumed by scientists due to acid. Nigella sativa has significantly increased the total lymphocyte amount and has been supported by studies that have an immunomodulatory effect on both humans and animals. Healthy life support issues to the forefront of popular Cumin seed, which is an important component of thymoquinone (TQ) has been preferred due to potential medicinal properties as a source of healing. In the scientific researches, seedlings of black seed, vitamins, active substances and essential fatty acids may be useful to be consumed due to the products.

The aim of this study is to investigate the toxicity of biosilver particles on the rodent model. Ten guinea pigs were used for the sensitization test (Guinea pig maximization experiment) and 80 BALB-C mice 8-12 weeks old were used for systemic toxicity studies. Mice used in the study; acute, subacute, subchronic experimental groups and control groups. A single dose of nanobiosilver for the acute systemic toxicity test, 7 replicate doses of nanobiosilver intraperitoneal 50 ml / kg were given for the subacute and subchronic toxicity tests. At the end of the study, liver tissues were taken from animals and examined histopathologically. During the study, there were no significant changes in clinical findings in the groups. No significant changes were detected in the vital tissues of the study groups. As a result, it has been found that the biosilver particles do not show any acute, subacute and subchronic toxic effects on the rodent model.

This study was aimed to gain reliable data regarding the gender-based discrimination towards woman academicians working in the veterinary faculties in Turkey. The data is based on 220 (31.3 %) women academicians out of 544 women while the total educators working in 24 veterinary faculties in Turkey during 2017 were 1,739. The scope of the study was from career beginners to the women who are on the administration positions. Results showed that the memberships in the professional organization are increased up to 51.4 % where this ratio is directly proportional to the level of an academic position. 79.10 % think that there is no discrimination towards them due to their gender, while 57 % of them did not face a problem as a woman in their respective workplaces. The rate of women in the administration is 20.9 %. As a result, it can be concluded that academic profession offers relatively more equal employment opportunities to women, compared to other professions, however, the ratio of women is very less in the decision-making mechanisms in academia.

In this study, the protective effects of silymarin (SLY) against valproic acid (VPA) induced pancreatic damage were investigated using histological and biochemical parameters in rats. The experiment was performed with 21 Sprague Dawley male rats. Rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 control; group 2 VPA; group 3 VPA + SLY. 1 mL saline to the control group; VPA group, 500 mg / kg / day VPA; VPA + SLY group 500 mg / kg / day VPA and 100 mg / kg / day SLY were administered via gavage. Serum amylase and lipase levels increased with VPA application were reversed with SLY application. In addition, with VPA application, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased and glutathione (GSH) levels reduced in pancreatic tissue. This situation was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) suppressed with the application of SLY. Histopathological changes (acinar cell degeneration, hemorrhage, infiltration, necrosis and shrinkage in langerhans islets) in the pancreas. Reaktif oxygene species (ROS) and histopathological changes decreased and antioxidant activity increased in VPA + SLY group compared to VPA group. The results obtained in this study; SLY can protect against VPA-induced pancreatic damage and can also be a pharmacological agent with therapeutic properties.