This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on chlamydiae, which are intracellular bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. Whole-genome sequencing leads to great increases in the available data about Chlamydia spp. Recently, novel chlamydial taxons in various hosts living in different environments have been recognised. New species and taxons with Candidatus status have been recorded mainly in birds and reptiles. Chlamydia gallinacea is an emerging infectious agent in poultry with indirectly confirmed zoonotic potential. Recently, a new group of avian C. abortus strains with worldwide distribution in various wild bird families has been described. The definition of C. abortus species became outdated with the discovery of these strains and has been amended. It now includes two subgroups, mammalian and avian, the latter including all isolates hitherto referred to as atypical C. psittaci or C. psittaci/C. abortus intermediates.

A study was undertaken with an objective of evolving substrate specific customized non-starch polysaccharidase mixture for effective utilization of sorghum stover and groundnut haulm. Enzyme activity (IU/g) assay revealed that the activity of cellulose, xylanase and pectinase were 1368.33±23.30, 2294.16±65.17 and 930.83±52.22 respectively. All enzymes were found to have associate activity of other enzymes. An invitro trial was conducted to identify the concentration range of individual non-starch polysaccharidase enzymes required for inclusion to sorghum stover and groundnut haulm for maximum hydrolysis. A second invitro trial was conducted to identify the precise concentration of individual non-starch polysaccharidase enzymes required for inclusion to sorghum stover and groundnut haulm for maximum hydrolysis. The third in vitro trial was conducted to optimize the concentration of non-starch polysaccharidase mixture for inclusion to sorghum stover and groundnut haulm for maximum hydrolysis. The efficacy of customized non-starch polysaccharidase mixture was further evaluated at three levels (viz the selected level, 10% higher than selected level and 10% lower than the selected level)to arrive at their optimal level of inclusion separately for sorghum stover and groundnut haulm.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as a cardiac disease characterized by dilatation of the cardiac chamber, decreased myocardial contractility, and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. In this study, we aimed to determine whether there is a tendency to age-related dilated cardiomyopathy in Kangal Dogs, a breed of Anatolia, echocardiographically. The experimental groups of the study consisted of a total of 20 dogs, 10 of which were 1-3 years old, young group (Group I) and the other 10 were 4-7 years old, middle-aged group (Group II), who had no clinical problems at rest. By echocardiographic examination, the end-diastolic thickness of interventricular septum, the end-systolic thickness of interventricular septum, left atrial diastolic diameter, aortic root diastolic inner diameter, the ratio of left atrium diameter to aortic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic inner diameter, left ventricular end-systolic inner diameter end-systolic thickness of the posterior wall, the end-diastolic thickness of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular contraction force, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume parameters were measured. The data collected from the two groups were analysed using independent samples T-test. In conclusion, considering that the age of the Kangal dogs constituting the middle-aged group (G II) of the study was within the age limits specified in the studies (6-7 years), a myocardial defect indicating echocardiographic DCM was not detected. Thus, it was concluded that there is no tendency for DCM among the age groups included in the study. However, it can be said that echocardiographic evaluation of more coiled dogs in the given age group may give a more reliable result considering that the rate of DCM is 6% in different breed dogs.

In this study; it was aimed to determine serum Hp, Cp, and Alb levels in dogs infected with Hepatazoon canis, Distemper and Babesia canis canis. The material of the study; 45 dogs infected with H. canis (n=15), B. c. canis (n=15) by PCR analysis, and canine distemper (n=15) with the rapid diagnosis kit, which were brought to Iğdır University Tuzluca Animal Hospital formed. In addition, 15 healthy dogs were used for control purposes in the study. The serum Hp, Cp, and Alb levels of dogs with H. canis were determined as 1.8712±0.003 mg/mL, 9.1746±1.504 mg/dL, and 3.1067±0.073 g/dL, respectively. The serum Hp, Cp, and Alb levels of dogs with distemper were 1.8787±0.005 mg/mL, 7.3016±1.439 mg/dL, and 2.9667±0.080 g/dL, respectively. The serum Hp, Cp, and Alb levels of dogs with B. c. canis were measured as 1.8780±0.002 mg/mL, 7.8456±2.092 mg/dL, and 3.2467±0.129 g/dL, respectively. Whereas, serum Hp, Cp, and Alb concentrations of healthy dogs were determined as 1.8662±0.003 mg/mL, 2.9745±0.343 mg/dL, and 2.9600±0.108 g/dL, respectively. While Cp concentration of sick animals were higher than healthy animals (P<0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in Hp and Alb concentrations (P>0.05). As a result, it was determined that serum Cp concentration increased in dogs with H. canis, distemper and B. c. canis compared to healthy dogs, while Hp and Alb concentrations did not change.

Traumatic vertebral fractures and/or dislocations in cats and dogs can cause severe spinal cord injury, resulting in severe conditions such as pain, urinary incontinence, paresis or paraplegia. This study involved 58 cats and 12 dogs with external spinal trauma, and it was aimed to present the etiology, treatment and results, retrospectively. After the location of the neurological damage was determined, the patients were treated either conservatively or surgically. One of the surgical methods such as polyaxial screw, locking plate application and external fixation application was decided. In the treated animals, complete recovery was seen in 10 cats and functional recovery in 14 cats and 1 dog, but 12 cats and 2 dogs were in poor condition. Loss of deep pain sensation after spinal trauma is important for prognosis. Although there are many different treatment options, the decision should be made according to the patient's condition and the surgeon's preference. In addition, patients with spinal trauma also require serious trauma management and it is very important that the animal's vital values are stable.

Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVe) is an important infectious disease that has pretty high morbidity and mortality rates in puppies, which leads to vomiting and diarrhea range from mucoid to hemorrhagic. The objective of this study to investigate the changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and hematological parameters in dogs with CPVe. Sixteen healthy and twenty-seven infected male and female dogs identified by the CPV antigen rapid-test kit at ages 2-6 months old were used to collect blood samples. A complete blood count and EOF were measured from the samples. Findings of hemogram showed that WBC, RBC, and HCT values were significantly lower in infected dogs (the p-value of the first one is p<0.001, other two ones are p<0.05) compared to healthy controls. The infected dogs had non-significantly lower NEU, EOS, and PLT values, and higher LYM, MON, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values than control group (p>0.05). Although the hemolysis rate of infected dogs' erythrocytes at the concentrations of 0.4 - 0.1 % NaCl were higher than that of healthy dogs, this difference was statistically significant at only 0.3% NaCl (p<0.05). In addition, the median corpuscular fragility (MCF), equal to the NaCl concentration that lyses 50% of erythrocytes, of dogs with CPVe (0.42%) was higher than the MCF values of the control group (0.39%), but not statistically significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, besides the hematological findings revealed that WBC, RBC, and HCT values were significantly lower in dogs with CPVe than that in healthy dogs in this study, it was reported for the first time that canine parvovirus significantly increased osmotic fragility of RBCs at 0.3 % NaCl concentration compared to the control group. We concluded that to consider of these, particularly affected, blood parameters may be useful for determining the prognosis of CPVe.

Since the syndesmochorial placental structure of sheep does not allow the passage of large molecules from mother to offspring in intrauterine life, lambs are born hypogammaglobulinemic. The aim of this study is to compare passive transfer of immunity, neonatal morbidity and mortality, and live weight gains at day 120 between lambs receiving colostrum by suckling naturally and lambs given colostrum by bottle. 61 (n=61) lambs born to 43 sheep were randomly divided into two groups. One of the groups (NL group) received the desired amount of colostrum from the mother as they desired after birth. For the other group (BL group), access to the mothers' udder was restricted by a pouch after the lambs were born. BL group lambs were given colostrum roughly 8% of their birth weight by bottle as soon as possible after birth. Afterwards, colostrum freshly obtained from the mother was given to these lambs ad libitum every 4-6 hours during the first 24 hours. Approximately 50 ml of colostrum was taken into sterile containers from all sheep included in the study within the first 30 minutes after birth. Blood samples were taken from lambs for IgG analysis 36-48 hours after the first colostrum intake. Both serum and colostrum IgG analyses were performed by Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) method.  Serum IgG concentrations of lambs in the BL group (3155.41±1245.25 mg/dl) were found to be higher than serum IgG concentrations of lambs in the NL group (2097.02±1213.07 mg/dl). When the results were compared using Independent Samples T test, the difference between the two groups was very statistically significant (p<0.001). Neonatal morbidity and mortality were higher in lambs in the NL group (46.6%, 23.2%, respectively) than in lambs in the BL group (22.6%, 12.9%, respectively). Failure of Passive Transfer of Immunity (FPT) in lambs in the NL group (30%) was much higher than in lambs in the BL group (6.45%). Although the average Live Weight (LW) of lambs in the BL group (40.70 +7.84 kg) was higher than the average of lambs in the NL group (36.47+10.46 kg), this difference was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, giving lambs colostrum by bottle as soon as possible after birth without waiting for lambs to naturally receive colostrum from the mother results in better Passive Transfer and, accordingly, lower neonatal morbidity and mortality, and thus can help reduce economic loss in sheep breeding enterprises.

The requirement for vitamin D intake of dairy cattle has been better understood within the past few years and is well accepted by dairy producers and veterinary surgeons. In our country, as to the present author knowledge. In our country, as to the present author knowledge whether current recommendations and practices for supplemental vitamin D are meeting the needs of dairy cattle, however, is not well known. Circulatory vitamin D status of calves has been truly denoted via 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] metabolite levels in serum/plasma, with a concentration of 30 ng/mL proposed as a lower threshold for sufficiency. The present author was unaware of finding documented reports regarding vitamin d and its alterations among calves with respiratory distress. In the present study 16 calves (Group 1) were presenting clinical signs of respiratory problems and other 12 (Group 2) were selected as healthy control group. All necessary blood samples were taken were analyzed by Savant Fluorescent Immunoassay Device by use of Savant 25(OH)D test kits. Vitamin D (ng/mL) (X ̅ ± SE) among healthy calves and calves with pneumonia were detected as 63.21 ± 5.63 vs. 23.80 ± 2.75 with a statistical significance (p ≤0,001). In summary it should not be unwise to draw conclusion that pulmonary defence against respiratory infections should involve Vitamin D supplementation at appropriate dosages among calves.

In this study, bacteriophage M8AEC16, which is lytic to Escherichia coli O157:H7, isolated and characterized within the scope of our previous studies, was used to determine the stability during 6 months of storage at +4°C, -20°C and -85°C using glycerol, skimmed milk powder and carrageenan as cryoprotectants. For this purpose, bacteriophage M8AEC16, was enriched with E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 and then phage suspension groups were prepared by adding three different cryoprotectants (test groups) in addition to those without cryoprotectant (control). Bacteriophage suspensions were stored at 3 different storage temperatures (+4°C, -20°C and -85°C) for six mount period. During storage, phage titers were determined on double-layer LB agar by making serial dilutions of phage suspensions on the 0th day and at the end of each month. As a result of the study, it was observed that stability was maintained at all temperatures for all groups during the first two months. However, in the third and fourth months, a decrease in the counts of bacteriophages were observed at -85°C in the glycerol added group. In addition to the control group, in the fifth month, carrageenan provided the highest preservation at all temperatures. In the sixth month, +4°C glycerol provided the best preservation, while carrageenan provided the highest preservation at other temperatures compared to the other test groups. In conclusion, the most successful result was obtained at +4°C for the preservation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 phage M8AEC16 considering the cost, usefulness and effectiveness.