In this research, surgical treatment of hip dysplasia, hip luxation, femoral neck fracture, and degenerative hip joint disease were performed using femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO). Twelve different breeds of male dogs weighing 14-52 kg suffering from different hip joint disorders were admitted to the Vet. Surgery clinic, Faculty of Vet. Med. Zagazig University and from some different private pet animal clinics. The admitted cases were diagnosed by clinical signs (visual pain assessment and lameness scoring), clinical crepitus exam, and plain radiography. The FHO technique applied in the affected cases revealed successful results with the absence of painful lameness noticed after 3 weeks postoperatively but nonpainful lameness was observed then decreased gradually till disappearance when muscles become stronger to compensate for the absence of the head of the femur with minimal complications. FHO is a very good salvage economic satisfactory technique with minimal complications. Using an oscillating saw and sharp osteotome is better than using of Gigli saw.

Recurrent infection with Newcastle disease virus in flocks that have received vaccinations and high economic losses in Egypt in the last few years urged us to study the diversity and genetic changes in isolated NDV from chickens and its pathogenesis in other species such as turkey poults. Fifteen positive NDVs were isolated from chicken flocks suffering from a respiratory infection. Sequencing of three isolates out from the 15 NDV positive isolates (20%) revealed that NDV was genotype VII.1.1. When compared to other previously isolated worldwide and Egyptian strains, the three isolates’ amino acid sequences show (99.1-99.8 %) identity with genotype VII.1.1.Thirty four weeks old Black Burzi turkey poults, separated into two groups: control (n=15) and infected (n=15), were used to study the pathogenesis of the isolated NDV genotype VII.1.1. Each afflicted bird was given an inoculation with 0.1 mL of 106EID50 of NDV genotype VII.1.1( ND /chicken /Egypt /Dakahlia /31 /2020) at 4 weeks of age via an ocular route. Proventriculus, conjunctiva, lung, spleen, trachea, and caecal tonsil samples were collected from both groups at (6, 12, 24, 48 hours, and 5 days after infection) and tested for the presence of NDV using Quantitative Reverse transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction (QRT-PCR). The virus was found in the challenged birds’ spleen as soon as 12 hours after infection, followed by the lungs and trachea. After 2 and 5 days after NDV infection, histologically significant lesions were found, particularly in lymphoid organs. It is concluded that the presence of NDV in Egyptian flocks of chickens could induce major disease in commercial turkeys, necessitating the development of novel vaccinations based on the circulating NDV genotype VII.1.1 in Egypt to protect domestic poultry from recurrent infection.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of rabbit carcasses marketed in Zagazig City, Sharkia province, Egypt. Eighty random samples of fresh rabbit meat cuts representing shoulder, loin, ribs, and thigh regions (20 of each) were obtained from different rabbit markets in Zagazig City during 2022. Aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, total mould and yeast counts were determined in the collected samples, as well as the isolation and identification of E. coli and Salmonella spp. The results showed that the mean values of APC and Enterobacteriaceae were 1.1x106 and 4.7x104 CFU/g for shoulders, 9.6x105 and 5.7x104 CFU/g for ribs, 1.0x106 and 5.1x104 CFU/g for loins, 1.2x106 and 6.0x104 CFU/g for thigh samples, respectively. Moreover, the total mould and yeast count ranged from 2.6x104 to 1.9x105 with mean values of 9.7x104 ± 1.1x104, 8.2x104 ± 9.9x103, 9.5x104 ± 1.4x104 and 9.8x104 ± 8.5x103 CFU/g in the of examined rabbit meat samples from shoulder, ribs, loin, and thigh regions, respectively. In terms of food poisoning bacteria, 6 (30 %), 7 (35 %), 6 (30 %) and 4 (20 %) out of 20 rabbit cuts tested positive for Salmonellae in the shoulder, ribs loin, and thigh regions, respectively. However, E. coli was found in 18 (90%), 16 (80%), 15 (75%) and 19 (95%) of the examined rabbit meat samples, respectively. The obtained results suggested that fresh rabbit meat cuts may carry numerus microorganisms from different sources, emphasizing the importance of stringent sanitary precautions during the slaughtering, handling and cooking procedures.

For improving the performance of growing rabbits given salinity water and two levels of aqueous and ethanolic vitex extract, 75 New Zealand White growing rabbits of five weeks old and body weight of 553.00±0.091g were divided equally into 5 treatments. Control treatment was fed control diet. 5 and 7.5g/kg diet of the vitex leaves aqueous extract were supplemented to treatments two and three and 5.0 and 7.5g / kg diet of the vitex leaves ethanolic extract were supplemented to groups four and five for 15 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment for the clinical analysis. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Carcass characteristics and gut microbiome were determined. Rabbits given saline water and supplemented aqueous and alcoholic vitex extracts had higher (P<0.0001) final body weight. The ethanolic extract reduced (P<0.0001) feed intake and feed conversion. The control had the lowest digestibility coefficient of all nutrient’s digestion coefficients compared to treated groups. Carcass weight (P<0.022), carcass percent (P<0.017), and protein in the meat increased in all supplemented groups with no difference in the internal organs weight, dressing percent, and edible giblets. Vitex extracts (P≤ 0.05) increased total protein (P<0.003), triglycerides (P<0.001), and LDL (P<0.042) but declined ALT (P<0.028). Control group had the lowest cecum pH (P<0.011) and total volatile fatty acids ((P<0.017), high ammonia (P<0.009) and cecum microbial counts (P<0.001). Rabbits supplemented Vitex ethanolic extracts consumed the lowest feed intake and cost associated increased body weight gain with increasing the concentration. In conclusion, growing rabbits bred for meat production can be supplemented either the aqueous or the ethanolic extracts for longer intervals for improving their health, meat composition and reduce the costs.

The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of Aeromonas species especiallyA. hydrophila and to detect the presence of the aerolysin (aerA) and haemolysin (hly) genes in its isolates derived from a total of 80 poultry meat samples including 20 of each of breasts, drumsticks,thighs and wings. The samples were randomly purchased from some local retail shops in Assiut city, Egypt. Aeromonas spp. were isolated from 48(60%) of the samples analyzed, including 11(55%) of chicken breast, 12 (60%) of chicken drumsticks, 10 (50%) of chicken thigh and 15 (75%) of chicken wing. A total of 48 strains were isolated belonging to six species: A. hydrophila 14 (17.5%), A. caviae 5 (6.25%), A. jandaei 7(8.75%), A. trota 1 (1.25%), A. schubertii 6 (7.5%) and A. allosacharophila 15 (18.75%). All the recovered A. hydrophila organisms were confirmed by PCR assay for the presence of 16S rRNA gene and 9 strains of the tested isolates harboured this gene. Whereas the aerA and hly virulence genes were present in eight and five of A. hydrophila strains out of nine isolates tested, respectively. Strict hygiene measure should be taken to minimize the contamination of poultry meat with Aeromonas spp.

The present work performed to study the toxic effects of the crude plant extracts of Croton tiglium seeds on some histological changes of the terrestrial snail species M. obstructa. The molluscicidal efficacy of ethanol and acetone extracts of Croton tiglium seeds were tested against the adult snails of Monacha obstructa (L. Pfeiffer) (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) at four concentrations using contact technique under laboratory conditions for seven days. Also, the impact of crude seed extracts was studied on some histological changes of the land snail, M. obstructa. The results revealed that the hexane and ethanolic extracts of croton exhibited molluscicidal activities against M. obstructa land snails. The ethanolic extract displayed the highest potency where LC50 was (0.08 %) while the LC50 of hexane extracts was (0.12 %). Histological inspections of the digestive gland and foot of snails exposed to LC50 croton extract showed that the digestive tubules showed various destruction, shrinkage in different types of cells lining the digestive tubules, marked increase in the width of most of the digestive tubules lumen and filled with secretory materials, rupture of basement membrane and the intertubular loose connective tissue between the digestive tubules showed necrosis. The histological alterations in the foot included rupture of the epithelial covering with necrosis, destruction of muscular tissue and necrosis of connective tissue with presence of dark brown pigment. Thus, these results indicated that croton seed crude extracts possessed molluscicidal potential for controlling the land snail with more future studies to develop and ensure its wider applicability as a molluscicide.

The feeding trial was conducted for 31 days to investigate whether dietary energy modifications using bile acid feed additive (Runeon®) affected broiler performance, carcass characteristics, blood indices, intestinal lipase activity, and broiler's meat quality. A total of 1200 one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks (as hatch) were randomly distributed into three groups, each with five replicates (80 chicks/replicate). The first group was a control (T1) which fed a basal diet only. In the second group (T2), birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with bile acid (Runeon®) (on top application) at the rate of 200g/ton. In the third group (T3), birds were fed a basal diet reduced in energy requirements by 30kcal/kg and reformulated with 200g/ton of bile acid (Runeon®). Birds' diets fortified with bile acid in (T2) or (T3) significantly (P≤0.05) improved body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) as compared to the control. The dressing%, breast, thigh, and drumstick yields were improved in T2 and T3 than in control. Supplementation of bile acid significantly (P≤0.05) reduced abdominal fat%, as well, blood cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL, and LDL concentrations, but increased total protein concentration (P≤0.05). Additionally, intestinal lipase levels significantly (P≤0.05) increased in groups fortified with bile acid (T2 and T3). Besides, chicken meat moisture% and fat% were significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in T3 compared to T1 and T2. Conclusively, dietary fortification of bile acid could improve growth performance, profitability, carcass traits, serum lipids profile, intestinal lipase secretion, and chicken meat quality in broiler chickens.

With the increase in anthropogenic activities and other long-range transport of pollutants, there is a high probability of accumulation of heavy metals in foods consumed by pigs which in turn may amass in edible offals. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate sixteen chemical (heavy and non-heavy) elements in edible offal and longissimus dorsi muscle of indigenous Doom pig breed of India. Additionally, the values for highly toxic elements were compared with maximum residue limits (MRLs) stated by the regulatory authorities. The elements namely- Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) were determined in the tissues as well as in feed, drinking water and soil by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry. Among the elements determined, the non-heavy metals (K, Na, Mg and Ca) were found to be the highest both in tissues (edible offal and muscle) and feed, drinking water and soil followed by Fe, Zn and Mn which are essential heavy metals. Ni was found to exceed the European Food Safety Agency allowed limits. Spearman correlation test shows significantly (p<0.0001) positive relationships between the element of tissues and feed, drinking water and soil. The work underscores the elemental analysis on hitherto understudied consumable edible offal for value addition to the food industry.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of emulsifiers with different calcium and soybean oil levels on Ross 308 broiler performance, digestibility, carcass quality traits, and deposition of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese on the body and tibia of broilers. A total of 360 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into 24 treatment groups: three calcium to phosphorus ratios were used, 2:1, 1.8:1, and 1.6:1, and each ratio was divided into two positive control treatments with an emulsifier (Lipidol) and a negative control without an emulsifier; moreover, each treatment used four levels of soybean oil: 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. The results showed that emulsifier supplementation, low calcium levels (1.8:1 and 1.6:1), and high oil levels (2% and 2.5%) significantly elevated (P < 0.05) body weight and body weight gain and reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake and feed conversion ratio in all stages, except for body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the finisher period, which showed a nonsignificant difference. Moreover, broilers fed the diet with emulsifier had higher dressing and abdominal fat percentage (P < 0.0001) and those fed low Ca level (1.6:1) significantly (P < 0.0001) showed the highest abdominal fat percentage. It can be concluded that an emulsifier with a low oil level could improve fat digestibility in broiler chickens. Furthermore, decreasing the level of calcium at a rate of 1.6:1 can improve fat digestibility and elevate (P < 0.0001) the level of cholesterol on day 10; however, on days 23 and 42, cholesterol level was elevated by high calcium level (2:1). Emulsifier also elevates the cholesterol level at days 10 and 42. Broilers fed emulsifier, low oil level (1%), and high calcium levels at rates of 1.8:1 and 2:1 significantly (P < 0.05) had elevating levels of calcium and phosphorus and decreased manganese levels on the broiler body and tibia.

Most animal feeds are set from protein-rich raw materials. These protein constituents may possess various hazards, particularly highly drug-resistant pathogens, causing a bad impact not only on the pet's health, but also on their owners. In the current study, a total of 2100 pet food and 100 pets’ fecal swabs were collected and bacteriologically examined from 2017 to 2020. It was revealed that the percentage of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from pet food and fecal swabs was 49% and 56% respectively. E. coli, Proteus sp., and K. pneumoniae were the most isolated bacteria in percentages of 12.4%, 8.4%, and 4.9% respectively from Pet food and 25%, 7%, 12% respectively from pet fecal swabs. In addition, Enterobacter cloacae, P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter sp., P. fluorecens, and Y. enterocolitica were isolated from pet food in order to 3.8%, 3.5%, 3.2%, 2.6%, 2.6% and 2.1% respectively. Salmonella sp. isolated from pet food was 0.6% while it was 5% from pet fecal swabs. The most predominant salmonella serotype isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs was S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, S. Virchow, S. Anatum, S. Kentucky, S. Kedougou and S. Infantis were isolated serotypes from Pet food in percentages of 15.7%, 23.1%, 15.4%, 7.7%, and 7.7% respectively. While S. Nitra, S. Ibargi, S. Enteritidis and S. Boecker were isolated from pet fecal swabs at a percentage of 20% for each. On the other hand, O158 was the most predominant E. coli serogroup isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs in percentages of 30.4% and 30.8% respectively followed by O157 in percentages of 21.7% and 26.9% respectively. O26 was isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs in percentages of 13% and 7.7% for each. O119 was isolated from pet food and pet fecal swabs in percentages of 4.3% and 3.8% respectively. O86, O27, O44, O55, and O78 were isolated from pet food in the percentage of 4.3%, 8.7%, 4.3%, 4.3%, and 8.7%respectively. While O114, O111, and O125 were isolated serotypes from pet fecal swabs in percentages of 15.4%, 3.8%, and 11.5% respectively. This study revealed that the antimicrobial sensitivity test of 80% of Salmonellae were resistant to Cefotaxime and Colistin sulphate while 50%, 30, and 20% of isolates were resistant to Gentamicin, Tetracycline, and Cefepime respectively, while 40% of Salmonellae were resistant to Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, and Amoxicillin-clavulanate. Also 60% of Salmonellae showed resistance to Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and Ciprofloxacin. Detection of Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M) in Pets using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed the presence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in all tested isolates in 12 samples out of 12 (100%) and has shown that the ratio of blaCTX-M is 5 out of 12samples (41.6 %).