The aim of this study was to investigate vaginal cytology, haematological and hormonal values, the presence of bacteria in the vagina, and the relationship between these findings in different reproductive periods in cats. The study consisted of 30 healthy non-geriatric female cats that had reachedto puberty. The cats were divided into 3 equal groups (each having 10 cats) as estrus, anestrus and pregnant. The vaginal samples for microbiological and cytological examination andthe blood samples for hormonal analysis and hemogram were taken at the same time. A total of 100 vaginal epithelial cells were counted from the random areas of thevaginal cytology samples on the slide. The distributions of the percentages of the counted cells according to the groups were subtracted and compared. While there was no bacterial growth in 9 (30%) animals, bacterial growth was observed in 21 (70%) animals. There were no bacterial growth in 3 (30%), 4 (40%) and 2 (20%) animals inestrus, pregnant and anestrus groups, respectively. Estradiol (E2) level (42.64 ± 10.62 pg/ml) in estrus animals was significantly higher (P<0.001) than E2 level in pregnant and an estrus animals. The progesterone (P4) level of the pregnant group (12.22±9.35 ng/ml) was higher (P<0.001) than the P4 levels of the anestrus (0.84±0.25 ng/ml) and the estrus group (0.58±0.28 ng/ml), while the P4 levels of the estrus and the anestrus groups were similar. Significant differences were detected only in MCV, MCH and MCHC, within 19 blood parameters. MCV values were found to be lower in estrus animals (45.68±3.75femtoliter) than only in pregnant (51.21±4.99femtoliter) animals (P=0.007). The difference in MCH values between the estrus group (14.37±0.84 pg) and the pregnant group (15.62 ± 1.18 pg) (P=0.003) and the difference in MCHC values between the pregnant group (30.66±1.17 g/dl) and the anestrus group (32.42±1.04 g/dl) (P<0.001) were statistically significant. The presented results may help in the planning of future studies and the comparison of the obtained values.

The objective of the study is to compare the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and thiopental sodium in sevoflurane anesthetized in goats. Seven healthy adult female goats with body weight of 35.3±3.82 kg (median±IQ). Each goat received both anesthetics in a randomized cross-over design, with at least 2 weeks intervals. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) or thiopental sodium (19.3±3.42 mg/kg) (mean±SD) and maintained with sevoflurane for 2 hours. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and arterial blood gases were monitored. Induction of anesthesia was smooth in all goats. Mean recovery times were significantly longer in thiopental sodium group (P<0.05). Side effects were less common in dexmedetomidine-ketamine group (DKS) than thiopental sodium group (TS). Recovery was uneventful in both groups. Although the mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) were decreased in both groups (P<0.05), the prolonged decrease was recorded in DKS group. The temperature was decreased in both groups in time (P<0.05). Changes in blood oxygenation were significantly higher in DKS group at 15 and 120 minutes compared to TS group (P<0.05). Dexmedetomidine-ketamine provides better anesthesia when compare with thiopental sodium as an induction agent before sevoflorane anesthesia in goats.

This study was aimed at determining the effects of dietary supplementation with 0%, 3%, 6% and 8% of clinoptilolite on live weight gain, carcass/carcass part traits and some blood and bone parameters in quails. For this purpose, forty 17-day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were randomly assigned to four groups, each of 10 animals. The study groups were established as follows: BC (+0% clinoptilolite), B3C (3% clinoptilolite), B6C (6% clinoptilolite) and B8C (8% clinoptilolite). Live weight measurements were performed until 35 days of age, and after the measurement of the slaughter weight at 38 days of age, all animals were slaughtered. The live weight values measured in Groups B3C and B6C were similar to those of group BC, the control group. Even if slightly different, higher mean initial live weights in the males resulted in final live weights higher than those of the females. It was observed that the feed conversion rate had improved in the groups that received dietary clinoptilolite. The weight of abdominal fat was determined to have decreased with increasing dietary clinoptilolite levels. The weights of the edible visceral organs and abdominal fat were higher in the female quails, compared to the males. The osteometric values of the femur and humerus were higher in the males, compared to the females, in Group B3C. While calcium (Ca-CAL) and magnesium (Mg) levels were lowest in Group B8C, phosphorus (P-FOS) levels were lowest in groups BC and B3C. In result, it is suggested that dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite, up to a level of 6%, would not show any adverse effect on the fattening performance of animals. Thus, clinoptilolite can be used as a feed additive. Furthermore, good quality clinoptilolite supplied at low costs may also aid in preventing feed losses due to wetting, depending on the environmental conditions.

The aim of this study was to present 6 dogs and 2 cats treated with handmade external fixator. The animals included in the study had 3 cases of non-union, 1 case of luxation, and 4 cases of fracture. All the cases were successfully treated with a handmade external fixator which was made from an endotracheal tube and epoxy. There were no complications developed except for light leakage in the pin site in one case. All of the animals had started to use their extremities in the early postoperative period, except for one case. As the fixator provided the opportunity for weight-bearing, increasing stability in the fracture line in the early postoperative period, this provided some beneficial effects on healing. The external fixator made using an endotracheal tube and epoxy can be selected as an inexpensive treatment method for cats and dogs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the rumination behavior of cattle in the diagnosis of left displaced abomasum (LDA) and in the surgical correction process. In 6 cows diagnosed with LDA, surgical abomasopexy was performed via left-flank laparotomy. The cow monitoring system attached to the neck of each animal was used to monitor the rumination times. Rumination data were evaluated over a 35-day period covering the healthy period, diagnosis and treatment of LDA. In the healthy period (control group), the mean rumination time of the animals was determined as 508.74±8.52 mins. In the preoperative period, the mean rumination time was determined as 335.57±16.29 mins (-14 and -8 days) and 234.48±13.83 mins (-7 and -1 days) and a statistically significant decrease was determined compared to the healthy period (p<0.001). In the first postoperative week, the rumination time showed a significant increase (393.57±26.9 mins) and in the second postoperative week, the results were similar to those of the healthy period (501.21±17.29 mins). This is the long-term study to have evaluated the change in preoperative and postoperative (35-day period) rumination in cattle diagnosed with LDA. The results demonstrate that rumination behavior is an important marker in the early diagnosis and follow-up of the postoperative prognosis of diseases causing economic loss, such as abomasum displacement.

This present study was aimed to determine the changes of plasma testosterone in North Algerian donkeys, the correlation coefficients between T concentrations and biochemical parameters were estimated. Blood samples were withdrawn in the morning from the jugular vein into a tube containing EDTA. A total of 24 mature healthy donkeys were selected randomly under condition of free stabling period. T concentrations in male donkeys were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. AST, ALT and ALP concentration were measured according to the manufacturer recommendation. As regards the concentration of Ch and Tg, the assay was carried out using the automatic biochemical analyzer. The results indicated that T concentration values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn (2.468±0.66 ng/ml and 2.785±0.49 ng/ml, respectively) seasons than in spring and summer (0.95±0.343 ng/ml and 0.745±0.236 ng/ml, respectively) seasons. Likewise, Ch and Tg values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn seasons than in spring and summer seasons. Also, it is also noteworthy that ALT values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn seasons than in spring and summer seasons. Whereas, AST values were significantly (P<0.05) lower in summer than in winter, autumn and spring seasons. As regards ALP, values mean were practically similar in all seasons. Our finding suggests that the sexual activity probably occurs during winter and autumn in local donkeys of Northern Algeria. In addition, our results of Ch and Tg levels are correlated with season, which may be a good indication of the reproductive performance in donkeys.

This study was carried out in order to examine a total of 40 drinking water samples taken from 20 locations selected from Mardin and Van provinces in terms of physical properties, heavy metal and mineral contents and to evaluate the quality of drinking water in accordance with the results obtained. Among the ion and mineral analyses of the samples, arsenic, copper, boron, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium and zinc analyses were made with Inductively Coupled Plasma and Mass Spectrometer, and magnesium analyses were made with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer. Fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, sulfate and phosphate analyses were also performed by Dionex ion chromatography. Conductivity, pH, ORP, TDS and minimum salt analyses were performed with the Myron L device. As a result of the study, the difference between the fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, boron, cadmium, cobalt, zinc, conductivity, TDS, ORP and temperature values of the water samples of the two provinces was found to be significant. In addition, drinking water containing heavy metals was found to be above the limit values set by the Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption, nickel was detected in water samples taken from Van, and phosphate was not detected in samples taken from Mardin. The remarkable issues in water samples taken from 40 different locations in two provinces are presented in articles and it has been emphasized that it is important for the people living in this region to present the detected defects to local governments, environmental and public health units and to eliminate the defects.

Obstructive upper respiratory tract diseases are an important cause of poor performance in racehorses. Diagnosis of these diseases can be made easily by endoscopic examination. The aim of this study is to emphasize the frequently encountered obstructive respiratory tract diseases in the endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in thoroughbred Arabian and British racehorses and the importance of endoscopic examination in the diagnosis of these diseases. The study material consisted of 72 horses (37 Arabian, 35 British horses) between the ages of 2-7 who had no respiratory complaints at rest, but had low racing and training performance. No pathology was detected in 32 (44.44%) of 72 horses who underwent clinical and endoscopic examination. it was detected that 19 (47.5%) palatal instability, 10 (25%) dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), 8 (20%) pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, 2 (5%) laryngeal hemiplegia, 1 (2.5%) subepiglottic cyst of the remaining horses. As a result, it should be considered that there may be obstructive respiratory tract problems in horses that have a very good general health status at rest and show low racing and training performance. In addition, clinical examination in these horses should be supported by an upper respiratory tract endoscopic examination.

Zonulin, a well-recognized protein, is influencing the integrity of intercellular connections in the intestines. It has also been evidenced that heat stress (hS) might alter intestinal permeability. In the present retrospective field research the aim was to investigate the gastrointestinal permeability of calves exposed to hS (especially in summer) by determining serum zonulin levels and their relationship to seasonal dissipation among appearently healthy calves. As two different months represented 2 seasons, serum zonulin concentrations in January 2022 (at 20:00 pm 4°C and 08:00 am 10°C) and June 2022 (at 20:00 pm 19°C and 08:00 am 27°C) exhibited significant differences. Inter-group and intra-group comparison showed statistically significant differences (p=0.012) both in seasonal distribution and spatial distribution at different day/night times. When compared between the January and June groups, the mean zonulin levels (ng/mL) at 12 pm and 08:00 am in the January group were 28.04±12.49 vs. 11.55±8.45, respectively (p=0.012). On the other hand at June group the mean zonulin levels at 12 pm and 08.00 am were 58.54±19.16 vs 24.03±9.9, respectively (p=0.012). Obtained results should be cautiously subjected to interpretation, in which hS affect intestinal integrity and seasonal dissipation of circulating zonulin levels should be taken into consideration for intestinal health of calves.