Chickens' general well-being and productivity depend heavily on their gut health. It describes how well the gastrointestinal system functions and the complex interactions it has with microbial communities. In order to optimize the chicken's digestive tract, this paper examines the importance of gut microbiota, highlighting the ways in which these microbes support performance, health, and resistance to disease. The intricate microbiome found in the gut is important for immunological response, digestion, and nutrient absorption. It is crucial to comprehend gut health since, even in the absence of obvious symptoms of illness, it can have a direct impact on hen performance. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, including by offering a well-balanced diet high in fiber, probiotics, and prebiotics. These elements encourage the development of advantageous bacteria, which enhances the hens' general health and performance. The chicken's digestive system depends on its gut flora. Poultry farmers can improve the well-being and output of their flocks by comprehending its function and putting prevention measures in place to keep the microbiota steady.

This study was conducted to examine uncooked meat samples collected from slaughtered animals from butchers' markets in Basra Governorate. During the period from June to August 2024, 75 samples were studied, including 50 samples of sheep meat and 25 samples of butchers' tools. Using sterile swaps, equivalent areas (2.5 CM) of meat surface or butchers' tools were rubbed evenly, and then the swaps were inoculated into a thioglycolate medium containing tubes. The cultures were transported to the lab and cultivated under anaerobic conditions for 48 hrs. at 37C using an anaerobic jar and gas bags. The presence of Clostridium perfringens bacteria was detected by microbial culture on CHROMagar and microscopic examination in addition to species-specific polymerase chain reaction using the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that C. perfringens was present in 15 total samples among the 75 samples studied (10 isolates from meat and 5 isolates from butchers' tools). Furthermore, PCR detected the cpa gene in all C. perfringens-positive samples, confirming that these isolates belong to type A of Clostridium perfringens. The results of this study indicate that the source of such contamination originates from poor sanitation of slaughterhouses and/or due to the disease of slaughtered animals. These findings necessitate imposing strict sanitation measures and public health awareness to limit C. perfringens meat contamination.

The present study aimed to identify the skin features of the local dog. After anesthesia, five adult dogs took the skin samples, and the wounds were sutured that form after collecting the sample and the samples were fixated with 10% formalin and Bouin's solution.(special stain )in the present study, the skin consists of two layers epidermis and dermis, the epidermis is composed of epithelial cell layers comprised of four different types of cells of various studied regions. while the dermis was composed of two layers that embedded the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and a few numbers of sweet and sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles. In conclusion, The skin is a large organ covering all body joints, underlying the muscles and bones. It is characterized by a few sebaceous and sweat glands.

This study evaluated the effects of treating eggs with varying concentrations of acetic acid (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) on internal and external egg quality traits. A total of 40 fresh chicken eggs were divided equally among the four treatment groups. Eggs were immersed in their respective acetic acid solutions for 10 minutes, followed by rinsing and air-drying. Quality parameters, including weight, external dimensions, shell thickness, and internal traits, were measured before and after treatment. External traits such as egg breadth showed significant differences (P<0.05), with higher values observed at 5% and 10% concentrations, while egg length and shell thickness remained unaffected. Internal traits such as yolk and albumin weights were significantly influenced (P<0.05), with optimal values noted at 10% concentration. Egg volume and surface area also increased significantly with acetic acid treatments, particularly at higher concentrations (10% and 15%), while the shape index remained stable. Density-related traits such as egg and yolk density peaked at 10% and 5%, respectively, reflecting enhanced structural integrity and nutrient retention. The shell weight per surface area was highest at 5% concentration, suggesting improved calcium deposition. Overall, acetic acid concentrations of 5%-10% demonstrated the most favorable effects on egg traits, indicating the potential for moderate acid treatments to enhance certain quality parameters without compromising structural integrity. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing acetic acid use in egg preservation and hatchery practices, warranting further research into extended exposure durations and alternative acids.

The purpose of the study was to investigated the histological effect dietary L-arginine supplementation at 0%, 5%, and 10% above National Research Council recommendations on the testes of 225 male Japanese quail from three genetic lines (white, Brown, and gray). The current study was conducted from December 6, 2022, to July 1, 2023, at the poultry farm of Kirkuk University's animal production department, College of Agriculture. Initially, the Directorate of Agricultural Research-Baghdad. Birds were divided by color into three groups and fed diets containing different arginine levels from age 30 to 90 days. Testes from selected birds were examined histologically after H&E staining. Results showed that 5% arginine (S2) induced significant spermatogenic activity in all groups, with the most notable effect in gray quail (thickened basement membranes, increased spermatogenesis, and fat infiltration). The Brown line showed moderate changes, while the white line exhibited only mild stimulation with no fat infiltration. At 10% arginine (S3), the gray line displayed severe histopathological changes, including basement membrane thickening, Sertoli cell disruption, fat infiltration, and signs of early lipoma formation. The Brown line exhibited signs of hyperplasia, while the white line showed enhanced spermatogenesis and sperm maturation with minimal adverse effects. In conclusion, gray quail were highly sensitive to arginine supplementation, Brown quail showed a moderate response, and white quail demonstrated increased spermatogenic activity with minimal histological damage.

The present study emphasizes the importance of in Ovo feeding strategies, particularly the supplementation of fertilized eggs with amino acids such as L-arginine to enhance the Bursa of Fabricius development. Targeted nutritional interventions during embryogenesis offer a promising approach to improving the overall health, productivity, and market value of poultry. The experiment was done in the college of agriculture - University of Sulaimani to study the effects of arginine on the bursal tissue of commercial and local Kurdish chickens. One hundred fertile eggs involved from the Ross-308 broiler breeder strain and one hundred fertile eggs from a local breed. The in ova inoculation treated included a control group without inoculation and three groups inoculation with 1%, 2%, and 3% Arginine solutions. The inoculations were carried out twice, on the 14th and 18th days of incubation. Four chicks at one-day age from each Treated group were euthanized, and their bursa of Fabricius was preserved for histological slide preparation. The study found that bursal follicular proliferation in Kurdish breeds showed significant improvements in lymphoid follicles and number compared to commercial breeds. The scoring system for bursal follicular proliferation was higher in the G4 (3% Arginine) Treated group. However, bursal sections from Fabricius bursa showed significant aggravation in follicle number, with G3 and G4 Treated groups scoring higher. Eggs inoculated with arginine showed significant follicular growth in both breeds.

The main purpose of this study was to survey on achieving recombinant DNA vaccine (live delivery) against Streptococcusis for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Immunization. Initially, a total of 515 samples were collected from the head kidney of diseased fish (weighing 50_200g) in 72 farms in 8 provinces. Approximately, 40% (206 samples) of specimens were infected with Streptococcus species. Then isolated 172 DNA samples were and consequently, five pathogenic species have been identified, including Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalatiae, and Streptococcus uberis. The enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) has recently been discovered to play an important role in polysaccharide capsule production and virulence in S. iniae. Therefore, S. iniae was initially isolated S. iniae and cloned the phosphoglucomutase gene. Then, the PGM gene was amplified successfully and cloned in the pTZ57R cloning vector. The recombinant plasmid was subcloned into the pETD uet-l expression vector by restriction enzymes and confirmed by PCR. Meanwhile, for amplifying simA and cpsD genes were used universal primers pNZ8148 and special for simA and cpsD genes. The recombinant bacteria Lactococcus lactis (NZ9000) was used to transform the plasmid into L. lactis. Vaccination was performed by bath and injection (peritoneal) methods. The efficiency of g2 was better than g1in these two methods and in all of the groups. The detection of anti S. iniae antibody and determination of IgM level was carried out by using ELISA. The results revealed that there was a significant (p<0.05) difference between the level of IgM in both two methods and experiment groups compared to the control group. The results of the challenge of vaccinating fish with S. iniae showed that fish RPS in all groups were more than 50 percent while in the control group was 21.43 percent. The highest fish RPS belonged to group 5(61.25 percent) and statistical analyses revealed a significant (p<0.05) difference between fish vaccinated RPS, compared to the control group.

Temperature significantly influences the distribution and survival of bivalve populations, with elevated temperatures resulting in increased mortality rates. Research indicates that temperature fluctuations can markedly affect bivalve immune responses, including gene expression, hemocyte concentrations, and overall immunocompetence. Higher temperatures impair immune functions, leading to decreased phagocytic activity, compromised immune parameters, and disrupted metabolic processes, which collectively contribute to increased mortality. Understanding the relationship between temperature stress and bivalve survival is crucial for effective population management and for developing strategies to mitigate the negative impacts on bivalve populations in changing ecosystems.