Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of MspI polymorphism in the calpastatin (CAST) gene on hematology and selected serum biochemical parameters in Awassi lambs. Materials and Methods: CAST genotypes of 31 Awassi lambs were determined using polymerase chain reactionrestricted fragment length polymorphism method. Hematology, serum biochem¬ical analyses, serum levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and cortisol were determined using rou¬tine laboratory procedures. Results: Two CAST genotypes were detected with frequencies of 0.65 and 0.35 for MN (three major bands of 622, 336, and 268 bp) and NN (two major bands of 336 and 268 bp), respectively. Allele frequencies were 0.49 and 0.51 for M and N alleles, respectively. Animals with MN MspI CAST genotype had significantly (p < 0.05) higher neutrophil percentage and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio but, significantly (p < 0.05) lower lymphocyte percentage and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio than NN MspI CAST genotype. Serum T3 and cortisol concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in MN MspI CAST genotype than the NN MspI CAST genotype. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that CAST gene heterozygous individuals are healthier than homozygous individual, which may explain the superiority of the CAST gene heterozygous animals in growth performance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 193-196]

Objective: The incidence of salmonellosis in humans and animals is still high due to the occur¬rence of virulence factors in Salmonella enterica which play a role in the process of infection in the host and the spread of disease and most of the S. enterica can infect humans and animals. The present study was aimed to identify Salmonella Enteritidis and detect virulence genes related to Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and Salmonella plasmid virulence (Spv). Materials and Methods: A total of 27 S. Enteritidis archive isolates belonging to the National Veterinary Drug Assay Laboratory (NVDAL) were used in this study. The bacteria were collected in 2016 and 2017 from samples of the cloaca and fecal swabs from layer and broiler farms in five provinces of Java Island. Isolates were cultured in specific media, biochemical tests and Gram staining. Detection of S. Enteritidis and virulence genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Identification of serovar showed 100% (27/27) isolates were positive for the sdfI gene (304 bp). The result confirmed that all strains were S. Enteritidis. PCR based detection of virulence genes showed that 100% of isolates had virulence genes in SPI-1 to SPI-5, namely, invA, ssaQ, mgtC, spi4D, and pipA genes. All the isolates (27/27) were also positive to spvB gene-based PCR. Conclusion: All the isolates of S. Enteritidis in this study carry virulence genes related to SPI-1 to SPI-5 and plasmid virulence. The existence of virulent genes indicates that the S. Enteritidis strain examined in this study is highly virulent and poses a potential threat of worse disease outcome in humans and animals. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 384-393]

Objective: The aim of this study is to inspect the ameliorative effect of avenanthramides (AVA) on CP nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected for the determination of hematological parameters. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in serum. Specimens from both kidneys were taken for histopathological examinations. Results: Administration of AVA resulted in significant decrease in the level of creatinine and TNF-α when compared with CP group. Histopathologically, CP-induced vacuolar degeneration and necro¬sis of the kidney tubules. Administration of AVA ameliorates the histopathological alterations induced by CP. Conclusion: AVA can be considered as a protective agent for kidneys during administration of CP. The protective effect of AVA may be related to the reduction of TNF-α which implicated in the pathogenesis of CP nephrotoxicity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 521-527]

Objective: Emergence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) has generated a sense of public alarm. The objective of this study was to detect the CREC and identification of the gene responsible for such resistance.Materials and Methods: A total of 150 samples comprising poultry cloacal swab, house flies (Musca domestica), and pond water were collected randomly from Mymensingh, Bangladesh and analyzed. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done based on culture and E. coli 16S rRNA gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phenotypic detection of CREC was done by disk diffusion method. Finally, colistin resistance genes were detected by PCR by using colistin resistant gene mcr3 specific primers.Results: Among the 150 samples, phenotypically 18.00% (n = 27/150) isolates were found as colistin resistant. By PCR, 8.00% of the E. coli isolates were found positive for the presence of mcr3 gene.Conclusions: Colistin resistant E. coli carrying mcr3 are detected in poultry, house flies and water that are of great public health concern. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 50-53]

Objective: The object of the study was to examine the major pharmacokinetic parameters after a single application of a complex drug preparation for veterinary use based on fipronil, praziquantel, moxidectin, and pyriproxyfen in cats and dogs.Materials and Methods: For dogs, the drug preparation was administered spot-on solution in the following dosage of active pharmaceutical substances: fipronil 27.0 mg/kg body weight (bwt), praziquantel 10.8 mg/kg bwt, moxidectin 6.75 mg/kg bwt, and pyriproxyfen 5.4 mg/kg bwt; for cats, the dosage was the following: fipronil 43.2 mg/kg bwt, praziquantel 17.28 mg/kg bwt, mox-idectin 4.32 mg/kg bwt, and pyriproxyfen 8.64 mg/kg bwt. The blood samples were taken from dogs and cats. The principle of the method for determining praziquantel, trans-4-hydroxyprazi-quantel, pyriproxyfen, and fipronil in serum samples was chromatographed in a high-pressure liquid chromatograph with detection by means of a mass-spectrometric detector. The moxidectin content of the blood was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: The drug preparation active substances: praziquantel, fipronil, and moxidectin are absorbed into the blood of dogs and cats. The penetration of praziquantel into the systemic circulation and further into organs and tissues was proved. After topical administration, moxidectin is absorbed and distributed systemically and is slowly removed from the plasma, which manifests itself in detectable concentrations of moxidectin in the blood for 1 month.Conclusion: The present results of pharmacokinetic investigations may promote to the determination of effective therapy strategy and prophylaxis of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 25-32]

Objective: The objective of this study was to employ real-time or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) using novel species specific primer (SSP) targeting on mitochondrial cytochrome-b of wild boar species (CYTBWB2-wb) gene for the identification of non-halal meat of wild boar meat (WBM) in meatball products. Materials and Methods: The novel SSP of CYTBWB2-wb was designed by our group using PRIMERQUEST and NCBI software. DNA was extracted using propanol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method. The designed SSP was further subjected for validation protocols using DNA isolated from fresh meat and from meatball, which include specificity test, determination of efficiency, limit of detection and repeatability, and application of developed method for analysis of commercially meatball samples Results: The results showed that CYTBWB2-wb was specific to wild boar species against other animal species with optimized annealing temperature of 59&#xb0;C. The efficiency of q-PCR obtained was 91.9% which is acceptable according to the Codex Allimentarius Commission (2010). DNA, with as low as 5 pg/μl, could be detected using q-PCR with primer of CYTBWB2-wb. The developed method was also used for DNA analysis extracted from meatball samples commercially available. Conclusion: q-PCR using CYTBWB2-wb primers targeting on mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene (forward: CGG TTC CCT CTT AGG CAT TT; Reverse: GGA TGA ACA GGC AGA TGA AGA) can be fruitfully used for the analysis of WBM in commercial meatball samples. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 300-307]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the phytochemical constituents and anthelmintic activities of four Cassia spp. leaves against Haemonchus contortus. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared from four species of Cassia spp. (C. siamea, C. fistula, C. surattensis, and C. spectabilis). Phytochemical screening of the extract was done based on the Harborne method. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activities against H. contortus was done in vitro using infective larvae (L3) migration inhibition assay (LMIA). Measurement of larvae migrating was conducted through a nylon filter with a pore size of 20 μm. The doses of Cassia spp. extract implemented were 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml. Results: Tannins, alkaloids, phenol hydroquinone, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and sapo¬nins were present in all the extracts, whereas alkaloids were absent in C. fistula. No triterpenoids were found in C. surattensis and C. spectabilis. Movement of H. contortus larvae was significantly inhibited after exposure to Cassia extracts at various dosage levels (p < 0.05). The test results using LMIA on L3 H. contortus showed the lowest inhibition in the negative control. Among the species of Cassia, the C. surattensis (at 200 mg/ml) showed the highest (p < 0.05) inhibition level on the larvae. The latter result corresponded to the effect of albendazole. Conclusion: Compared to other Cassia spp., C. surattensis exhibited the highest inhibition against L3 H. contortus. However, the inhibition effect of C. surattensis was still lower as compared to albendazole. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 236-240]

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of laser diode as an alternative treat¬ment on liver dysfunction (in vivo study) that is caused by carbofuran using male mice (Mus musculus) strain Balb/C. Materials and Methods: The samples were divided into three groups, namely, Group CL (con¬trol group, no treatment), Group C+L (only treated by carbofuran treatment), and Group C+L+ (treatment group, treated by carbofuran and laser-puncture) with five replications each. After being treated, each liver slice of samples was observed using microscope to get the histology result and then scored. Results: Carbofuran contamination can lead to inflammation of cells and necrosis. The histology results and the scoring test showed that the liver cells repair with the energy dose of laser diode at 0.5 and 1.0 Joule. Conclusion: The optimum energy dose in this study was 1.0 Joule which had the closest score of inflammatory cells and necrosis to normal liver cells. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 499-505]

Objective: The present study was performed for isolation, identification, and molecular detection of Avipoxvirus [Turkeypox virus (TPV), Fowlpox virus (FPV), and Pigeonpox virus (PPV)] from field outbreaks in some selected areas of Mymensingh division, Bangladesh.Materials and Methods: A total of 60 suspected cutaneous nodular samples (10 TPV, 20 PPV, and 30 FPV) were collected. The samples were then subjected to isolation and identification by chicken embryo propagation followed by confirmation using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: The TPV, FPV, and PPV were successfully isolated and identified from the nodular samples using embryo propagation and PCR technique targeting pox virus p4b gene. Out of 10 Turkeypox suspected field samples, five (50%) were positive for TPV. Similarly, among 30 Fowl pox suspected field samples, 12 (40%), and out of 20 Pigeonpox suspected field samples, eight (40%) were found to be positive for FPV and PPV, respectively. The overall prevalence of avipox (TPV, FPV, and PPV) virus infections in Mymensingh division was 41.67% (n = 25/60).Conclusion: This study has shown that TPV, FPV, and PPV are circulating in Mymensingh division. The isolated TPV, FPV, and PPV field isolates can be used as vaccine candidates to develop an effective vaccine for effective controlling of the avipox in Mymensingh division and surrounding areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 54-59]

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) outbreak in cattle in the Sarankhola Upazila under Bagerhat district of Bangladesh with isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of FMDV during April 2018. Materials and Methods: This Upazila is located at southern border of Bangladesh and surrounded by mangrove forest Sundarban. The outbreak investigation team collected epidemiological data from outbreak location. In addition, the team collected a total of 30 (15 calves, 15 adult) tongue epithelial tissue samples from a clinically FMD-affected cattle. The confirmation of FMDV and its three serotypes (A, O, and Asia-1) was performed by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). An amplified product of the VP1 region of FMDV genome was sequenced by Sanger sequencing method after cultivation and reconfirmation of FMDV into the BHK21 cell line. Genetic variability was studied by constructing a phylogenetic tree. Results: The investigation survey was carried out in overall 8,393 (8,393/15,580; 53.89%) cases including 3,050 (3,050/8,393; 36.34%) cases in calf and 5,343 (5,343/8,393; 59.77%) cases in adult cattle. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was recorded as 2.27% (354/15,580) with significantly highest CFR in the calf (71.46%; 253/354) compared to an adult. The collected all 30 samples found with FMDV positive and mixed infection of all samples with serotype Asia-1 and serotype O were observed. In BHK 21 cell line, the eight FMDV positive samples showed a typical cytopathic effect during the third passage. Finally, DNA sequence data of two isolates found closely related with the isolates of bordering country India and Myanmar. Conclusion: The investigation identified the risk factors involved in an outbreak of FMDV, namely, sharing the common paddy land after harvesting, no FMD vaccination, the interaction between cattle and wildlife, and cross bordering movement. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 346-354]