The present study assessed the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in diarrhea patients ,beef, and raw milk. A total of 675 samples were inoculated in trypticase soy broth to enhance the growth of E. coli O157:H7. Out of total samples 73.5% isolated as E. coli then cultured on Sorbitol MacConkey agar ,31.8% non fermenting sorbitol (NSF) E. coli colonies were isolated and confirmed by specific biochemical tests . From NSFEC 13.7% were diagnosed as E.coli O157:H7 by serological test ,the result revealed no significant differences in the level of contamination with E. coli O157:H7 between beef ,stool and milk .The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic susceptibility test which showed resistance 100% to cephalothin ,cefoxitin , cefixime, trimethoprim , amoxicillin, azithromycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and sensitive 100% to ciprofloxacin ,imepenim ,nitrofurantion gentamycin and amikacin . No major differences in antibiotic susceptibility patterns among the isolates were observed.

This study was conducted on 74 Iraqi buffaloes suffered from retention of fetal membranes (RFM) after 8-12 hrs in Karbala province from 2010-2011, there were ranged from 3-7 years old. The affected animals were divided into four groups randomly according to the treatment regime .1st group (18 buffaloes) treated manually ,2nd group (22buffaloes) treated with oxytocin hormone 100 IU(10ml/IM) .While the 3rd group (21 buffaloes) was treated with a single dose of estrumate 750μg (3ml /IM) .The 4th group (13 buffaloes) was treated with a single dose of estradiol benzoate (15mg/IM) and all groups were treated with a single dose of oxytetracycline 20% (20ml/IM).The response for different treatment regimes were 100% ,77% ,76.19% and 76.92% for groups respectively. The manual removal treatment gives a superior significant difference (P

The first collection of unengorged and fully engorged larvae of Nuttalliella sp. (N. namaqua?) from the murid rodents Micaelamys namaquensis, Aethomys chrysophilus and Acomys spinosissimus in Limpopo Province and from M. namaquensis in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, is documented. A total of nine larvae were collected from two M. namaquensis in the Soutpansberg mountain range in the Limpopo Province during April 2009. During the last week of September 2011, 221 larvae were collected from rodents at the same locality and 10 of 48 M. namaquensis, 6 of 12 Ae. chrysophilus and 3 of 14 Ac. spinosissimus were infested. One of the M. namaquensis harboured 53 larvae. Five larvae were collected from two M. namaquensis in the Northern Cape Province. Total genomic DNA was extracted from two larvae and a region of the 18S rRNA gene was sequenced for these. BLASTn searches revealed similarity between these specimens and the Nuttalliella sequences published on GenBank.

Objective-To evaluate cross protection provided by administration of contagious ecthyma vaccines against strains of orf virus in goats. Animals-126 Boer-Spanish crossbred goats (3 to 20 days old). Procedures-85 goats were vaccinated with a goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine. Of these, 41 were challenge exposed with the virus strain for the contagious ecthyma vaccine, 40 were challenge exposed with a more virulent field strain of orf virus, and 4 were lost to predation or died. Another 41 goats were vaccinated with a vaccine produced from a more virulent field strain of orf virus; of these, 18 were challenge exposed with the virus strain of the goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine, 18 were challenge exposed with the more virulent field strain of orf virus, and 5 were lost to predation or died. Results-Vaccination with the goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine did not significantly reduce the number of goats with lesions or lesion severity caused by challenge exposure with the more virulent field strain of orf virus. Vaccination with the vaccine produced from the more virulent field strain of orf virus significantly reduced the number of goats with lesions attributable to challenge exposure with the virus strain of the goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine, but it failed to significantly reduce lesion severity. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Vaccination did not result in cross protection for the 2 strains of orf virus. This may have been attributable to antigenic differences and may be a factor in outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in vaccinated goats.

Objective: To determine glycohistochemical characteristics of enzootic nasal tumors (ENTs) of sheep, compare results for ENT with those of histologically normal nasal mucosa of sheep, and identify the histologic origin of ENT. Sample: ENT and nasal mucosa samples obtained from cadavers of 5 adult Lacaune sheep with ENT and 5 Lacaune sheep unaffected by ENT, respectively. Procedures: Samples of ENT and nasal mucosa were collected from cadavers of sheep and sectioned. Conventional and lectin histochemical analyses were used to identify glycoconjugates in tissue sections on the basis of their principal chemical groups and principal terminal or internal oligosaccharidic glucidic residues, respectively. Results: ENTs had papillary and tubular portions. Cells in the papillary portion of ENTs had secretion and surface glycoconjugates, which included sulfated glycosaminoglycans and neutral and sialilated glycoproteins. Cells in the tubular portion of ENTs had surface glycoconjugates, which included neutral and sialilated glycoproteins. Both portions of ENTs had C4-acetylated sialoderivatives that were not detected in sections of histologically normal nasal mucosa. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The papillary portion of ENTs in sheep may originate from respiratory glands and goblet cells. The tubular portion of ENTs in sheep may originate from olfactory glands. Presence of C4-acetylated sialoderivatives in cells of ENTs could confer resistance against pathogens to those cells.

Objective: To evaluate the refractive error induced by intraocular administration of silicone oil (SiO) in dogs. Animals: 47 client-owned dogs evaluated for blindness secondary to retinal detachment. Procedures: 3-port pars plana vitrectomy with perfluoro-octane and SiO exchange (1,000- or 5,000-centistoke SiO) was performed in 1 or both eyes for all dogs (n = 63 eyes), depending on which eye or eyes were affected. Dogs were normotensive, had complete oil filling of the eyes, and were examined in a standing position for retinoscopic examination of both eyes (including healthy eyes). Results: The mean refractive error for SiO-filled phakic and pseudophakic eyes was 2.67 and 3.24 D, respectively. The mean refractive error for SiO-filled aphakic eyes was 6.50 D. Dogs in which 5,000-centistoke SiO was used had consistently greater positive refractive errors (mean, 3.45 D), compared with dogs in which 1,000-centistoke SiO was used (mean, 2.10 D); however, the difference was nonsignificant. There was no significant linear relationship between refractive error and the number of days between surgery and retinoscopy. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Hyperopia was observed in all dogs that underwent SiO tamponade, regardless of lens status (phakic, pseudophakic, or aphakic). Aphakic eyes underwent a myopic shift when filled with SiO. Pseudophakic eyes appeared to be more hyperopic than phakic eyes when filled with SiO; however, additional investigation is needed to confirm the study findings.

Objective: To determine whether feeding-induced activation of translation initiation factors, specifically protein kinase B, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, in horses is affected by age. Animals: 6 yearlings, six 2-year-old horses, and 6 mature horses. Procedures: After an 18-hour period of feed withholding, horses consumed a high-protein meal (2 g/kg) at time 0 and 30 minutes (postprandial state) or continued to have feed withheld (postabsorptive state). Blood samples were collected for the duration of the experimental procedures and used to determine plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and amino acids. At 90 minutes, biopsy specimens were collected from a gluteal muscle and used to measure phosphorylation of translation initiation factors. Results: Plasma glucose, insulin, and amino acid concentrations were elevated for the postprandial state, compared with results for the postabsorptive state, regardless of age. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B, S6K1, rpS6, and eukaryotic initation factor 4E binding protein 1 was increased for the postprandial state. There was an effect of age with increased phosphorylation of S6K1 at Thr389 and rpS6 at Ser235/236 in the yearlings and mature horses, compared with results for the 2-year-old horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Food consumption resulted in an increase in the activation of translation initiation factors, with the highest degree of responsiveness in the yearlings. This indicated that increased muscle accretion seen during growth could be a result of increased rates of muscle protein synthesis in response to a meal stimulus.

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem after oral administration of a single dose (0.15 or 0.50 mg/kg) and assess any associated antianxiety and sedative effects in dogs. Animals: 8 clinically normal sexually intact male dogs of various breeds. Procedures: Dogs were assigned to 2 groups (4 dogs/group) and administered zolpidem orally once at a dose of 0.15 or 0.50 mg/kg in a crossover study; each dog received the other treatment once after an interval of 1 week. Blood samples were collected before and at intervals during the 24-hour period following dose administration. For each time point, plasma zolpidem concentration was evaluated via a validated method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection, and pharmacodynamics were assessed via subjective assessments of sedation and level of agitation and selected clinical variables. Results: The pharmacokinetic profile of zolpidem in dogs was dose dependent, and the plasma drug concentrations attained were lower than those for humans administered equivalent doses. The lower dose did not result in any clinical or adverse effects, but the higher dose generated paradoxical CNS stimulation of approximately 1 hour's duration and a subsequent short phase of mild sedation. This sedation phase was not considered to be of clinical relevance. The desired clinical effects were not evident at plasma zolpidem concentrations ≤ 30 ng/mL, and the minimal plasma concentration that induced adverse effects was 60 ng/mL. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results indicated that zolpidem is not a suitable drug for inducing sedation in dogs.

Objective-To assess the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on indicators of oxidative stress, activation of eosinophils, and apoptosis in the large colonic mucosa of horses. Animals-40 horses. Procedures-In 1 or two 20-cm-long segments of the pelvic flexure, ischemia was induced for 1 or 2 hours followed by no reperfusion or 30 minutes and 18 hours of reperfusion in anesthetized horses. Mucosal specimens were collected before (controls; n = 20 horses) and after each period of ischemia, and full-thickness tissue samples were collected after each period of reperfusion. Sections of colonic tissues were stained for histomorphometric analysis or assessment of eosinophil accumulation. Nitrotyrosine was identified immunohistochemically, and severity of apoptosis was determined via the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling method. Results-Numbers of mucosal eosinophils were similar before induction of ischemia, after ischemia, and after ischemia-reperfusion. Eosinophil nitrotyrosine production increased significantly during ischemia and continued through 30 minutes of reperfusion; production was decreased at 18 hours of reperfusion but remained greater than that of the controls. In other leukocytes, nitrotyrosine generation peaked at 1 hour of ischemia and again at 18 hours of reperfusion. Compared with control findings, epithelial apoptosis increased gradually at 1 through 2 hours of ischemia with no further progression after reperfusion. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that resident eosinophils in the large colon of horses react to mucosal injury from ischemia and reperfusion and may undergo oxidative stress under those conditions. Epithelial apoptosis could contribute to tissue damage.

Objective: To identify gait characteristics during trotting on a treadmill in nonlame Labrador Retrievers presumed predisposed or not predisposed to cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD). Animals: Clinically normal Labrador Retrievers presumed predisposed (n = 10) or not predisposed (7) to CCLD. Procedures: The right hind limb of each dog was classified by use of a predictive score equation that combined tibial plateau angle and femoral anteversion angle as presumed predisposed (high score [> −1.5]) or not predisposed (low score [≤ −1.5]) to CCLD. Tarsal joint, stifle joint, and hip joint kinematics, net moments, and powers were computed. Results: The stifle joint was held at a greater degree of flexion in limbs presumed predisposed to CCLD (130.9° vs 139.3°). More power was generated by muscles acting on the stifle joint in the early stance phase of limbs presumed to be predisposed to CCLD (2.93 vs 1.64 W/kg). The tarsal joint did not reach the same degree of extension in limbs presumed predisposed to CCLD, compared with that in limbs presumed not predisposed to CCLD (179.0° vs 161.0°). Velocity, stance time, vertical and craniocaudal forces, angular velocities, and net joint muscle moments did not differ between groups. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Gait mechanics of dogs with high (> −1.5) and low (≤ −1.5) tibial plateau angle and femoral anteversion angle scores were characterized on a treadmill, which may help in the identification of dogs predisposed to CCLD.