A total of 100 random muscle samples of Oreochromis niloticus, Claries lazera, imported Mugil cephalus and Scomber scombrus fish (25 of each) were collected from different markets in Fayoum City for determination of lead, cadmium, copper and mercury residual levels to ascertain whether these levels exceeded the prescribed legal limits. The mean mercury level in the edible muscles tissues of fish species were ranged from below detectable level to 0.29 ppm in local fish and to 0.28 ppm in imported fish. The residual levels were not exceeded the prescribed legal limits of the European Commission Regulation (EC). The highest mean levels of cadmium were recorded in Mackerel (0.119 ± 0.060, ppm) which exceeded the permitted values stipulated by European Commission (EC). The samples in this study contained copper within of the general guideline limit for copper in food. The highest mean levels of lead were also recorded in Mackerel (0.477±0.073 ppm) which exceeded the permitted value stipulated by European Commission (EC). The results were evaluated according to International standards of WHO and EC. The provisional tolerable weekly intakes used in this study to assess the relative safety of marketed in Fayoum. The public health significance of heavy metal residues in fishes were also discussed.

This study was performed to investigate the frequency and the distribution of antimicrobial resistance and resistant genes in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from both calves and their environment. Fecal samples (n=136) were collected from calves, besides 270 environmental samples for isolation and identification of EPEC. 50 E. coli isolates comprising 6 serogroupgs were recovered and tested against 12 antimicrobials comprising 4 different groups and 3 disinfectants with characterization of resistance genes. Results revealed that E. coli was isolated in the highest percentage from diarrheic calves (68.3%) followed by apparently healthy and environment (56.7 and 56.6 %, respectively). Six serogroups of E. coli were identified from diarrheic calves with the highest percentage of O26 (27.8 %) followed by O159 and O55 (16.7 and 16.6 %, respectively). The tested isolates showed high rates of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim whereas the highest rates of susceptibility were found to enrofloxacin and neomycin. Meanwhile the highest bactericidal effect against E. coli isolates from calves and environment was exhibited by Virkon® S (80 % and 70 %, respectively) compared to 80 % and 50%, respectively for TH4+ and 60 and 70 %, respectively for iodine. E. coli isolates were found to include the following genes blaTEM, qacED1, dƒrA, tetA, and sul1. In conclusion, the high prevalence of multidrug resistant E. coli provided insights about the possibility of dairy calves to act as source of resistance genes in the environment that pose health risk for humans and animals.

Fungal diseases of poultry have become problematic as bacterial and viral diseases. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fungal agents in broiler chickens suffering from respiratory disorders. The prevalence rate of fungal isolation was 53.1% including mycelia fungi (42%) and yeast isolates (11.1%). Mould isolates were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus (21.7%), Aspergillus flavus (8.4%), Aspergillus niger (8.4%), Aspergillus nidulans (1.3%), Cladosporium spp. (0.4%) and Penicillium spp. (1.8%). Concerning yeast isolates, Candida spp. was the most predominant which were identified as C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis (2.7% each), C. krusei, C. regosa (2.2% each), and C. stellatoidea (0.4%). Moreover, one Cryptococcus sp. was recovered and identified as C. neoformans (0.9%). PCR assay using oligonucleotide primer amplifying a 570 bp fragment based on ITS region gene was conducted on randomly selected 9 isolates including 6 Aspergillus spp. (A. flavus, A. niger, A. fumigates; 2 each) as well as 3 yeast isolates (two isolates of C. albicans and one isolate of C. neoformans). All tested isolates had positive reactions.

A total of 100 random muscle samples of Oreochromis niloticus, Claries lazera, imported Mugil cephalus and Scomber scombrus fish (25 of each) were collected from different markets in Fayoum City for determination of lead, cadmium, copper and mercury residual levels to ascertain whether these levels exceeded the prescribed legal limits. The mean mercury levelin the edible muscles tissues of fish species were ranged from below detectable level to 0.29 ppm in local fish and to 0.28 ppmin imported fish. The residual levels were not exceeded the prescribed legal limits of Commission Regulation (E.C). The highest mean levels of cadmium were recorded in Mackerel (0.119 ± 0.060, ppm) which exceeded the permitted values stipulated by Commission Regulation (E.C). Mostly samples in this study contained copper within of the general guideline limit for copper in food. The highest mean levels of lead were also recorded in Mackerel (0.477±0.073 ppm) which exceeded the permitted value stipulated by Commission Regulation (E.C). The results were evaluated according to International standards of WHO and EC and Provisional tolerable weekly intakes would also be used in this study to assess the relative safety of Fayoum fish markets.The public health significance of heavy metal residues in such fish was discussed.

Broiler chickens are frequently infected with Escherichia coli (E.coli), which often results in disease and high economic losses. Poultry of all ages are susceptible to infections with E.coli, but the most affected are birds of 4-5 weeks. In our study Serotypes O78 and O187 were chosen as they were the most prevalent isolated serotypes from diseased broiler chicken with respiratory affections specially CRD, one hundred chicks of different ages, sex and breeds (cobb, native, sasso) were used in this study. The samples were collected from privately owned poultry farms at EL Mina, Fayoum, Giza and Beni-Suef governorates, all sampled chicks showed clinical signs characteristic for E. coli affections including respiratory distress with or without diarrhea, Swabs from internal organs of 60 diseased chicks were subjected to bacterial examination. Out of 53 oxidase negative strains, 40 E. coli isolates were recovered, other Enterobacteriaceae including, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of 40 E.coli isolates, E. coli O78 was the most predominant serotype isolated (23) with an incidence of 57.5 % followed by E. coli O187 (12) isolates with an incidence of 30 % and E. coli O115 (5) isolates at percentage of 12.5%, The pre-prepared vaccine against E.coli serotype O used in this study was designed vaccine as it contains an E. coli strain that has been genetically-modified by the deletion of the aroA gene responsible for the biosynthesis of amino acids in the virulent E. coli parent strain (The GMO is named aroA- PTA-5094). The aroA gene-deleted vaccine can trigger a protective immunity in poultry against infection and disease from wild, virulent E. coli bacteria found in the environment. However, because the aroA gene is deleted, the live vaccine bacterium becomes a-virulent and unable to form a self-sustaining population since the vaccine strain has lost the capability to synthesize the amino acids necessary for its survival. The E. coli vaccine dosages were calculated according to a titer of 5.0x106 cfu per dose, one hundred one day old chicks were divided into 5 groups each one 20chicks,group 1, control negative and groups 4 and 5 control positive for serotype O78 and serotype O178 ,while group 2 vaccinated at one day and challenged with E.coli O78 at age of 25 day old, also group 3 vaccinated at 5 day old and challenged with E.coli O178 at age of 25 day old, Two findings, the average lesion scores of air sacs in the groups 4 and 5,four and 3 birds died in the positive control at two days post challenge with E. coli O78 and O178 respectively. The birds were found to have acute, severe septicemia and E. coli could be isolated from the livers. The mortality and morbidity rates of the birds vaccinated with E. coli aroA-live vaccine was great better significant difference from the positive control group showing no mortalities and low pathological picture. There were significant differences in the FCR among the 3 groups significantly less than those of the positive control groups; the body weight was higher in vaccinated groups. Our conclusion, vaccination improves health and FCR and ABW of broiler chicks

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis vaccine was prepared from a local field isolate. Vaccination of sheep with 50g PLD toxoid and 10 mg bacterin adjuvanted with Montanide oil improved the levels of immune responses of sheep. In many countries, inactivated C. pseudotuberculosis adjuvant vaccines have been used for prevention and control of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep. However, the efficacy was variable. The aim of the present study was directed to prepare and evaluate the potency of an inactivated C. pseudotuberculosis vaccine using Montanide ISA206. Sheep were vaccinated with 1st dose of 2ml containing 10 mg bacterin and 50g toxoid and Montanide ISA 206 oil adjuvant and boostered with the same dose 15 days Apart. Evaluation of post vaccinal cellular immune response with lymphocyte proliferation assay and humoral immune response using ELISA was carried out. Cell mediated immune response of vaccinated sheep reached its peak 0.445 by 1st week post the second vaccination. The level of humoral immune response showed optical density of 1.005 by 1st week post the second vaccination. Challenge test was done in all sheep four weeks after the second dose of vaccination. Three sheep from vaccinated and three sheep from non-vaccinated groups were slaughtered and necropsied 150 days post challenge. The results revealed 75% protection percentage against challenge while unvaccinated challenged sheep showed 9% protection. Statistical analysis indicated that the vaccine assessed a significant level of cellular and humoral immunity.

Information regarding the use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of udder and teat affections is scarce in ruminant. The present study was conducted on 30 cows, 20 ewes and 45 does. The surgical affections of udder and teats were recorded in 10 cows, 5 ewes and 15 does. In normal udder, glandular parenchyma on ultrasonographic examination appeared as homogenous and hyperechoic with anechoic alveoli, the milk appeared with high pitched anechoic large areas. While in the teat skin echoed strongly, the middle layer less echogenic than skin in a homogenous, uniform pattern and the teat canal represented by extending area between the two hyper-echoic lines forming anechoic lumen. In multiple abscesses, the glandular parenchyma of udder appeared as multiple hyper-echoic areas surrounded by hypo-echoic margin. In case of super numerary teats, presence of hypo-echoic to an-echoic areas separated by hyper-echoic septa due to each teat had separated milk cisternae. In case of complete teat obstruction, presence of hyper-echoic obstructive mass which present in teat canal. In conclusion, ultrasonography is a good tool for differential diagnosis of different udder and teat affections.

A total of 120 fish samples were collected from different water sources in El Fayoum Governorate, (Bahr El Banat agricultural drainage, different fish farms and Al Rayaan Lake). and represented by Clarias gariepinus from Bahr El Banat agricultural drainage, different fish farms (15 each), Mugil cephalus from different fish farms and Al Rayaan Lake (15 each), Solea solea (30 samples) and Oreochromis niloticus from Bahr El Banat agricultural drainage, different fish farms and Al Rayaan Lake (10 each). Fourteen organochlorine compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography. Fish samples from Bahr El Banat revealed the highest mean levels of p,p'-DDD, endrin, endosulfan, γ-chlordane, heptachlor and γ-HCH, while fish samples from Al Rayaan Lake have shown the highest mean level of methoxychlor, p,p'-DDT, p,p'- DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, δ-HCH and α-HCH. Most of the examined fish samples from different species, are within the maximum residue limits and should not pose a health risk to consumers. The public health hazards were discussed as well as recommendations were done.

The present work designed to describe the histological and histochemical features of parotid gland in buffaloes and cows.The glands were collected from ten heads of buffaloes and cows used. The histological and histochemical study revealed that the parotid gland in buffaloes and cows are compound tubuloacinar-type, having dense connective tissue capsule, the parenchyma consists of acini, intercalated, striated and excretory duct, acini surrounded by myoepithelial cells.The parotidis a purely serous gland. histochemical study,demonstrated of mucopolysaccharide by using combined AB-PAS, acini shows weak to moderate reaction in buffaloes but weak reaction in cows.

Ten samples of baffula stomach including rumen, reticulum, omasum Abomasum were collected from slaughter of Basrah .Tissue sections were done and stained with alcian blue and acridin orange dyes then photographed by light and fluorescent microscope .The histochemical study showed that all four parts of stomach consist of mucosa,submucosa ,muscular and serosal layer .The histochemical study showed that mucopolysacchrides distributed in all histological layers but with high density in the mucosal layer.