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The effects of extraction techniques and quantitative determination of oxalates in Nerium oleander and feeds Полный текст
2019
Kgosana, Kedibone G.(Agricultural Research Council Toxicology and Ethnoveterinary Medicine)
Shrubs represent the most affordable and accessible form of feed that livestock can rely on to acquire both essential and non-essential elements of life. In addition to their inherent toxins, they contain endogenous substances commonly referred to as 'antinutritive factors' (ANFs) that often interfere with the utilisation of nutrients. Their abundance may lead to severe clinical trauma. Hence, the objective of the study was to investigate the effects of different extraction techniques on Nerium oleander L. and animal feeds as well as to quantify oxalates. Organic (hexane, acetone and methanol) sequential and aqueous (infusion and decoction) extractions were explored. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the presence of various phytochemicals and oxalate contents as putative ANFs, respectively. The results showed higher extraction yields of 22.6% and 43.1% in the decoction and infusion of N. oleander, respectively. The quantification methods were validated for linearity, accuracy and precision. Oxalate contents of 6.76 ± 0.245 (0.65%) mg/g and 5.74 ± 0.236 mg/g dry weight (0.55%) were obtained in N. oleander and feeds, respectively. This difference was statistically significant with p < 0.05. Percentage recoveries of 98.5 (percent relative standard deviation [% RSD] = 2.3), 85.7 (% RSD = 1.03) and 80.3 (% RSD = 1.22) at 76%, 95% and 112% fortifications were obtained, respectively. Relative standard deviation for precision was 0.99% and 1.13% at 0.33 mg and 0.39 mg fortifications, respectively, while reproducibility showed 2.21% RSD. Therefore, these methods can be used to provide a valuable basis for qualitative determination of ANFs, particularly in shrub foliage.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]A field study on the efficacy of ivermectin via subcutaneous route against chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infestation in naturally infested goats Полный текст
2019
Ajith, Y.(ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Division of Medicine) | Dimri, Umesh(ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Division of Medicine) | Gopalakrishnan, A.(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine) | Devi, Gopinath(ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Department of Veterinary Medicine)
A field study on the efficacy of ivermectin via subcutaneous route against chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infestation in naturally infested goats Полный текст
2019
Ajith, Y.(ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Division of Medicine) | Dimri, Umesh(ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Division of Medicine) | Gopalakrishnan, A.(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine) | Devi, Gopinath(ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Department of Veterinary Medicine)
Caprine pediculosis is an ectoparasitic disease of great concern among goat farmers in India. It may be caused by either sucking lice or chewing lice; the latter one results in severe skin lesions, leading to production loss. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the macrocytic lactone drug, ivermectin, administered via subcutaneous injection, against chewing lice Bovicola (Damalinia) caprae infestation in naturally infested goats. The study was conducted on 20 goats with severe B. caprae infestation. Animals of group A (n = 10) were treated using a single dose of ivermectin (200 µg/kg body weight) subcutaneously and animals of group B (n = 10) underwent placebo therapy using normal saline. The animals were examined on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 for lice counts. There was 100% elimination of lice in all animals of group A and effective protection from re-infection remained at least for 21 days. Considerable improvement in haematological parameters was also observed by day 21. Based on this study, ivermectin injected via a subcutaneous route can be used effectively for the therapeutic and prophylactic management of chewing lice infestation in goats maintained under an extensive grazing system.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]A field study on the efficacy of ivermectin via subcutaneous route against chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infestation in naturally infested goats Полный текст
2019
Y. Ajith | Umesh Dimri | A. Gopalakrishnan | Gopinath Devi
Caprine pediculosis is an ectoparasitic disease of great concern among goat farmers in India. It may be caused by either sucking lice or chewing lice; the latter one results in severe skin lesions, leading to production loss. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the macrocytic lactone drug, ivermectin, administered via subcutaneous injection, against chewing lice Bovicola (Damalinia) caprae infestation in naturally infested goats. The study was conducted on 20 goats with severe B. caprae infestation. Animals of group A (n = 10) were treated using a single dose of ivermectin (200 µg/kg body weight) subcutaneously and animals of group B (n = 10) underwent placebo therapy using normal saline. The animals were examined on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 for lice counts. There was 100% elimination of lice in all animals of group A and effective protection from re-infection remained at least for 21 days. Considerable improvement in haematological parameters was also observed by day 21. Based on this study, ivermectin injected via a subcutaneous route can be used effectively for the therapeutic and prophylactic management of chewing lice infestation in goats maintained under an extensive grazing system.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Sheep enteric cestodes and their influence on clinical indicators used in targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes Полный текст
2019
Meradi, Salah(University of Batna Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomic Sciences) | Cabaret, Jacques(François-Rabelais University National Institute for Agricultural Research) | Bentounsi, Bourhane(University of Constantine Institute of Veterinary Sciences)
Sheep enteric cestodes and their influence on clinical indicators used in targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes Полный текст
2019
Meradi, Salah(University of Batna Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomic Sciences) | Cabaret, Jacques(François-Rabelais University National Institute for Agricultural Research) | Bentounsi, Bourhane(University of Constantine Institute of Veterinary Sciences)
Clinical indicators such as diarrhoea (DISCO) or anaemia (FAMACHA©) are used as a measure for targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Enteric cestodes such as Moniezia may interfere directly with DISCO or indirectly with the FAMACHA© score. We investigated 821 Ouled Djellal rams naturally infected in a steppe environment (GIN alone, cestodes alone, GIN and cestodes) or not. The rams were treated with ivermectin 2 months before being slaughtered to reduce the impact of nematodes on the clinical scores; however, persistent or newly acquired GINs were not related to both scores. Of the non-infected rams (n = 296), 26% identified as needing treatment against GIN using the FAMACHA score, and 34.5% using DISCO would have been thus selected. This implies that the clinical indicators used for the targeted selective treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes are not fully reliable when a low infection is recorded and may well be influenced by confounding factors. As expected, only DISCO was affected by cestode infection, and we suggest that the presence of Moniezia should also be taken into consideration.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Sheep enteric cestodes and their influence on clinical indicators used in targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes Полный текст
2019
Salah Meradi | Jacques Cabaret | Bourhane Bentounsi
Clinical indicators such as diarrhoea (DISCO) or anaemia (FAMACHA©) are used as a measure for targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Enteric cestodes such as Moniezia may interfere directly with DISCO or indirectly with the FAMACHA© score. We investigated 821 Ouled Djellal rams naturally infected in a steppe environment (GIN alone, cestodes alone, GIN and cestodes) or not. The rams were treated with ivermectin 2 months before being slaughtered to reduce the impact of nematodes on the clinical scores; however, persistent or newly acquired GINs were not related to both scores. Of the non-infected rams (n = 296), 26% identified as needing treatment against GIN using the FAMACHA score, and 34.5% using DISCO would have been thus selected. This implies that the clinical indicators used for the targeted selective treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes are not fully reliable when a low infection is recorded and may well be influenced by confounding factors. As expected, only DISCO was affected by cestode infection, and we suggest that the presence of Moniezia should also be taken into consideration.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Sheep enteric cestodes and their influence on clinical indicators used in targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes | Les cestodes entériques du mouton et leur influence sur les indicateurs cliniques utilisés dans les traitements sélectifs ciblés contre les nématodes gastro-intestinaux Полный текст
2019
Meradi, Salah | Cabaret, Jacques | Bentounsi, Bourhane | Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT)
International audience | Sheep enteric cestodes and their influence on clinical indicators used in targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes',Clinical indicators such as diarrhoea (DISCO) or anaemia (FAMACHA©) are used as a measure for targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Enteric cestodes such as Moniezia may interfere directly with DISCO or indirectly with the FAMACHA© score. We investigated 821 Ouled Djellal rams naturally infected in a steppe environment (GIN alone, cestodes alone, GIN and cestodes) or not. The rams were treated with ivermectin 2 months before being slaughtered to reduce the impact of nematodes on the clinical scores; however, persistent or newly acquired GINs were not related to both scores. Of the non-infected rams (n = 296), 26% identified as needing treatment against GIN using the FAMACHA score, and 34.5% using DISCO would have been thus selected. This implies that the clinical indicators used for the targeted selective treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes are not fully reliable when a low infection is recorded and may well be influenced by confounding factors. As expected, only DISCO was affected by cestode infection, and we suggest that the presence of Moniezia should also be taken into consideration. | Des indicateurs cliniques tels que la diarrhée (DISCO) ou l'anémie (FAMACHA © ) sont utilisés comme mesure pour des traitements sélectifs ciblés contre les nématodes gastro-intestinaux (GIN). Les cestodes entériques tels que Moniezia peuvent interférer directement avec DISCO ou indirectement avec le score FAMACHA © . Nous avons enquêté sur 821 béliers Ouled Djellal naturellement infectés en milieu steppique (GIN seul, cestodes seuls, GIN et cestodes) ou non. Les béliers ont été traités à l'ivermectine 2 mois avant d'être abattus pour réduire l'impact des nématodes sur les scores cliniques ; cependant, les GIN persistants ou nouvellement acquis n'étaient pas liés aux deux scores. Parmi les béliers non infectés ( n = 296), 26% identifiés comme ayant besoin d'un traitement contre le GIN selon le score FAMACHA, et 34,5% selon DISCO auraient ainsi été sélectionnés. Cela implique que les indicateurs cliniques utilisés pour le traitement sélectif ciblé des nématodes gastro-intestinaux ne sont pas entièrement fiables lorsqu'une faible infection est enregistrée et peuvent bien être influencés par des facteurs de confusion. Comme prévu, seul DISCO a été affecté par l'infection par cestode, et nous suggérons que la présence de Moniezia soit également prise en considération.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Sheep enteric cestodes and their influence on clinical indicators used in targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes Полный текст
2019
Meradi, Salah | Cabaret, Jacques | Bentounsi, Bourhane | Université Hadj Lakhdar Batna 1 | Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT) | Institute of Veterinary Sciences ; Université Frères Mentouri – Constantine 1 = Constantine 1 – Frères Mentouri University (UMC)
International audience | Clinical indicators such as diarrhoea (DISCO) or anaemia (FAMACHA©) are used as a measure for targeted selective treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Enteric cestodes such as Moniezia may interfere directly with DISCO or indirectly with the FAMACHA© score. We investigated 821 Ouled Djellal rams naturally infected in a steppe environment (GIN alone, cestodes alone, GIN and cestodes) or not. The rams were treated with ivermectin 2 months before being slaughtered to reduce the impact of nematodes on the clinical scores; however, persistent or newly acquired GINs were not related to both scores. Of the non-infected rams (n = 296), 26% identified as needing treatment against GIN using the FAMACHA score, and 34.5% using DISCO would have been thus selected. This implies that the clinical indicators used for the targeted selective treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes are not fully reliable when a low infection is recorded and may well be influenced by confounding factors. As expected, only DISCO was affected by cestode infection, and we suggest that the presence of Moniezia should also be taken into consideration. | Des indicateurs cliniques tels que la diarrhée (DISCO) ou l'anémie (FAMACHA © ) sont utilisés comme mesure pour des traitements sélectifs ciblés contre les nématodes gastro-intestinaux (GIN). Les cestodes entériques tels que Moniezia peuvent interférer directement avec DISCO ou indirectement avec le score FAMACHA © . Nous avons enquêté sur 821 béliers Ouled Djellal naturellement infectés en milieu steppique (GIN seul, cestodes seuls, GIN et cestodes) ou non. Les béliers ont été traités à l'ivermectine 2 mois avant d'être abattus pour réduire l'impact des nématodes sur les scores cliniques ; cependant, les GIN persistants ou nouvellement acquis n'étaient pas liés aux deux scores. Parmi les béliers non infectés ( n = 296), 26% identifiés comme ayant besoin d'un traitement contre le GIN selon le score FAMACHA, et 34,5% selon DISCO auraient ainsi été sélectionnés. Cela implique que les indicateurs cliniques utilisés pour le traitement sélectif ciblé des nématodes gastro-intestinaux ne sont pas entièrement fiables lorsqu'une faible infection est enregistrée et peuvent bien être influencés par des facteurs de confusion. Comme prévu, seul DISCO a été affecté par l'infection par cestode, et nous suggérons que la présence de Moniezia soit également prise en considération.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Vitamin D status in dogs with babesiosis Полный текст
2019
Dvir, Eran(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Tel Hai Academic College) | Rosa, Chantal(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Northwest Veterinary Specialists) | Mellanby, Richard J.(University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute School of Veterinary Studies) | Handel, Ian(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Tel Hai Academic College) | Schoeman, Johan P(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Tel Hai Academic College)
Vitamin D status in dogs with babesiosis Полный текст
2019
Dvir, Eran(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Tel Hai Academic College) | Rosa, Chantal(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Northwest Veterinary Specialists) | Mellanby, Richard J.(University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute School of Veterinary Studies) | Handel, Ian(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Tel Hai Academic College) | Schoeman, Johan P(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies,Tel Hai Academic College)
Canine babesiosis is a virulent infection of dogs in South Africa caused principally by Babesia rossi. Hypovitaminosis D has been reported in a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and dogs, and low vitamin D status has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the relationship between vitamin D status and canine babesiosis has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the presence and severity of B. rossi infection and vitamin D status of infected dogs. Owners with dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of B. rossi infection and of healthy control dogs were invited to enrol onto the study. Vitamin D status was assessed by measurement of serum concentrations of the major circulating vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D). Dogs with babesiosis (n = 34) had significantly lower mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations than healthy dogs (n = 24) (37.76 ± 21.25 vs. 74.2 ± 20.28 nmol/L). The effect of babesiosis on serum 25(OH)D concentrations was still significant after adjusting for any effect of age, body weight and sex. There was a negative relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and disease severity in dogs with babesiosis. Serum concentrations of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase and time to last meal were not associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs with babesiosis. In conclusion, dogs with Babesia rossi infections had lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations than healthy dogs. The inverse correlation between 25(OH)D concentrations and the clinical severity score indicate that hypovitaminosis D might be a helpful additional indicator of disease severity.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Vitamin D status in dogs with babesiosis Полный текст
2019
Eran Dvir | Chantal Rosa | Ian Handel | Richard J. Mellanby | Johan P. Schoeman
Canine babesiosis is a virulent infection of dogs in South Africa caused principally by Babesia rossi. Hypovitaminosis D has been reported in a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and dogs, and low vitamin D status has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the relationship between vitamin D status and canine babesiosis has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the presence and severity of B. rossi infection and vitamin D status of infected dogs. Owners with dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of B. rossi infection and of healthy control dogs were invited to enrol onto the study. Vitamin D status was assessed by measurement of serum concentrations of the major circulating vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D). Dogs with babesiosis (n = 34) had significantly lower mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations than healthy dogs (n = 24) (37.76 ± 21.25 vs. 74.2 ± 20.28 nmol/L). The effect of babesiosis on serum 25(OH)D concentrations was still significant after adjusting for any effect of age, body weight and sex. There was a negative relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and disease severity in dogs with babesiosis. Serum concentrations of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase and time to last meal were not associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs with babesiosis. In conclusion, dogs with Babesia rossi infections had lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations than healthy dogs. The inverse correlation between 25(OH)D concentrations and the clinical severity score indicate that hypovitaminosis D might be a helpful additional indicator of disease severity.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: Meta-analysis of the virus isolation in molecular epidemiology studies Полный текст
2019
Mantip, Samuel E.(University of Abomey-Calavi Department of Animal Health and Production ,National Veterinary Research Institute Viral Research Division) | Shamaki, David(National Veterinary Research Institute Viral Research Division) | Farougou, Souabou(University of Abomey-Calavi Department of Animal Health and Production)
Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: Meta-analysis of the virus isolation in molecular epidemiology studies Полный текст
2019
Mantip, Samuel E.(University of Abomey-Calavi Department of Animal Health and Production ,National Veterinary Research Institute Viral Research Division) | Shamaki, David(National Veterinary Research Institute Viral Research Division) | Farougou, Souabou(University of Abomey-Calavi Department of Animal Health and Production)
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious, infectious viral disease of small ruminant species which is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the prototype member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Peste des petits ruminant was first described in West Africa, where it has probably been endemic in sheep and goats since the emergence of the rinderpest pandemic and was always misdiagnosed with rinderpest in sheep and goats. Since its discovery PPR has had a major impact on sheep and goat breeders in Africa and has therefore been a key focus of research at the veterinary research institutes and university faculties of veterinary medicine in Africa. Several key discoveries were made at these institutions, including the isolation and propagation of African PPR virus isolates, notable amongst which was the Nigerian PPRV 75/1 that was used in the scientific study to understand the taxonomy, molecular dynamics, lineage differentiation of PPRV and the development of vaccine seeds for immunisation against PPR. African sheep and goat breeds including camels and wild ruminants are frequently infected, manifesting clinical signs of the disease, whereas cattle and pigs are asymptomatic but can seroconvert for PPR. The immunisation of susceptible sheep and goats remains the most effective and practical control measure against PPR. To carry out PPR vaccination in tropical African countries with a very high temperature, a thermostable vaccine using the rinderpest lyophilisation method to the attenuated Nigeria 75/1 PPR vaccine strain has been developed, which will greatly facilitate the delivery of vaccination in the control, prevention and global eradication of PPR. Apart from vaccination, other important questions that will contribute towards the control and prevention of PPR need to be answered, for example, to identify the period when a susceptible naïve animal becomes infectious when in contact with an infected animal and when an infectious animal becomes contagious.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: Meta-analysis of the virus isolation in molecular epidemiology studies Полный текст
2019
Samuel E. Mantip | David Shamaki | Souabou Farougou
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious, infectious viral disease of small ruminant species which is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the prototype member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Peste des petits ruminant was first described in West Africa, where it has probably been endemic in sheep and goats since the emergence of the rinderpest pandemic and was always misdiagnosed with rinderpest in sheep and goats. Since its discovery PPR has had a major impact on sheep and goat breeders in Africa and has therefore been a key focus of research at the veterinary research institutes and university faculties of veterinary medicine in Africa. Several key discoveries were made at these institutions, including the isolation and propagation of African PPR virus isolates, notable amongst which was the Nigerian PPRV 75/1 that was used in the scientific study to understand the taxonomy, molecular dynamics, lineage differentiation of PPRV and the development of vaccine seeds for immunisation against PPR. African sheep and goat breeds including camels and wild ruminants are frequently infected, manifesting clinical signs of the disease, whereas cattle and pigs are asymptomatic but can seroconvert for PPR. The immunisation of susceptible sheep and goats remains the most effective and practical control measure against PPR. To carry out PPR vaccination in tropical African countries with a very high temperature, a thermostable vaccine using the rinderpest lyophilisation method to the attenuated Nigeria 75/1 PPR vaccine strain has been developed, which will greatly facilitate the delivery of vaccination in the control, prevention and global eradication of PPR. Apart from vaccination, other important questions that will contribute towards the control and prevention of PPR need to be answered, for example, to identify the period when a susceptible naïve animal becomes infectious when in contact with an infected animal and when an infectious animal becomes contagious.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province Полный текст
2019
Nwafor, Ifeoma C.(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Agriculture) | Roberts, Hester(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Life Sciences) | Fourie, Pieter(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Agriculture)
Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province Полный текст
2019
Nwafor, Ifeoma C.(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Agriculture) | Roberts, Hester(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Life Sciences) | Fourie, Pieter(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Agriculture)
Pigs are kept by farmers as a source of livelihood and food. Unfortunately, helminthiasis and other internal parasites are major setbacks to profitable pig production in Africa. There is a lack of information on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites plaguing resource-poor pig farmers in the Free State. Knowledge of these endemic parasites can be used as baseline data to help design future intervention plans. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the types of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites prevalent in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province. Faecal samples were randomly collected from 77 pigs and parasitologically analysed. Quantification was done using the McMaster counting technique. Farming system, age, gender and health status were the risk factors considered. The study was conducted between January and March 2016. Overall, results showed that 61 samples (79.2%) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal parasites, which were observed as single or mixed infections. Amongst the positive samples, 44.5% were infected with Ascaris suum, 50.6% with Trichuris suis, 26.0% and 72.7% were infected with Oesophagostomum dentatum and coccidia, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the rate of infection in the intensive and semi-intensive systems and between the dewormed and non-dewormed pigs. Piglets and female pigs recorded a higher prevalence in their categories. Pigs excreted mostly low (eggs per gram [EPG] ≤ 100) to moderate (EPG > 100 < 500) levels of helminth eggs. It is concluded that different species of gastrointestinal parasites are present in most pigs reared by smallholder farmers in this study area.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province Полный текст
2019
Ifeoma C. Nwafor | Hester Roberts | Pieter Fourie
Pigs are kept by farmers as a source of livelihood and food. Unfortunately, helminthiasis and other internal parasites are major setbacks to profitable pig production in Africa. There is a lack of information on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites plaguing resource-poor pig farmers in the Free State. Knowledge of these endemic parasites can be used as baseline data to help design future intervention plans. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the types of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites prevalent in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province. Faecal samples were randomly collected from 77 pigs and parasitologically analysed. Quantification was done using the McMaster counting technique. Farming system, age, gender and health status were the risk factors considered. The study was conducted between January and March 2016. Overall, results showed that 61 samples (79.2%) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal parasites, which were observed as single or mixed infections. Amongst the positive samples, 44.5% were infected with Ascaris suum, 50.6% with Trichuris suis, 26.0% and 72.7% were infected with Oesophagostomum dentatum and coccidia, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the rate of infection in the intensive and semi-intensive systems and between the dewormed and non-dewormed pigs. Piglets and female pigs recorded a higher prevalence in their categories. Pigs excreted mostly low (eggs per gram [EPG] ≤ 100) to moderate (EPG > 100 < 500) levels of helminth eggs. It is concluded that different species of gastrointestinal parasites are present in most pigs reared by smallholder farmers in this study area.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Risk of establishment of canine leishmaniasis infection through the import of dogs into South Africa Полный текст
2019
Latif, Abdalla A.(University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Life Sciences) | Nkabinde, Bonginkosi | Peba, Brian | Matthee, Olivier | Pienaar, Ronel | Josemans, Antoinette | Marumo, Daniel | Labuschagne, Karien | Abdelatif, Nada A. | Krüger, Andreas(Bundeswehr Hospital Department of Tropical Medicine) | Mans, Ben J.(University of South Africa College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Department of Life and Consumer Sciences,University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Department of Tropical Veterinary Diseases)
Risk of establishment of canine leishmaniasis infection through the import of dogs into South Africa Полный текст
2019
Latif, Abdalla A.(University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Life Sciences) | Nkabinde, Bonginkosi | Peba, Brian | Matthee, Olivier | Pienaar, Ronel | Josemans, Antoinette | Marumo, Daniel | Labuschagne, Karien | Abdelatif, Nada A. | Krüger, Andreas(Bundeswehr Hospital Department of Tropical Medicine) | Mans, Ben J.(University of South Africa College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Department of Life and Consumer Sciences,University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Department of Tropical Veterinary Diseases)
Canine leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affect dogs, humans and wildlife. Sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the primary vectors. Canine leishmaniasis is an exotic and controlled disease in South Africa. The main purpose of our risk assessment study was to evaluate the likelihood that this exotic disease could enter and be established in South Africa through importation of live dogs. Risk analysis to the spread of the disease follows the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) formal method of quantitative risk assessment documented as a step-by-step process. We have identified and discussed 11 possible risk factors involved in three steps for final assessment. The annual average number of diagnostic tests performed on imported dogs from 44 countries for 2011-2015 was 1158. Leishmania is reported to occur in 21/44 (47.7%) exporting countries. A total of 71.1% of Leishmania positive dogs were imported from these endemic countries. The yearly percentage of Leishmania positive dogs ranged from 0.2% to 2%. Three confirmed clinical and fatal cases of leishmaniasis in dogs of unidentified origin have been reported by our laboratory and the state veterinarians. The disease has been reported in neighbouring countries as well as the putative sandfly vectors. This study concluded that the risk for the introduction and degree of uncertainty of Leishmania in imported dogs in South Africa are moderate. Risk mitigation and recommendations such as investigations into possible occurrence of autochthonous leishmaniasis in the country, surveillance in its wildlife reservoirs and systematic surveillance of sandfly populations are discussed.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Risk of establishment of canine leishmaniasis infection through the import of dogs into South Africa Полный текст
2019
Abdalla A. Latif | Bonginkosi Nkabinde | Brian Peba | Olivier Matthee | Ronel Pienaar | Antoinette Josemans | Daniel Marumo | Karien Labuschagne | Nada A. Abdelatief | Andreas Krüger | Ben J. Mans
Canine leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affect dogs, humans and wildlife. Sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the primary vectors. Canine leishmaniasis is an exotic and controlled disease in South Africa. The main purpose of our risk assessment study was to evaluate the likelihood that this exotic disease could enter and be established in South Africa through importation of live dogs. Risk analysis to the spread of the disease follows the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) formal method of quantitative risk assessment documented as a step-by-step process. We have identified and discussed 11 possible risk factors involved in three steps for final assessment. The annual average number of diagnostic tests performed on imported dogs from 44 countries for 2011–2015 was 1158. Leishmania is reported to occur in 21/44 (47.7%) exporting countries. A total of 71.1% of Leishmania positive dogs were imported from these endemic countries. The yearly percentage of Leishmania positive dogs ranged from 0.2% to 2%. Three confirmed clinical and fatal cases of leishmaniasis in dogs of unidentified origin have been reported by our laboratory and the state veterinarians. The disease has been reported in neighbouring countries as well as the putative sandfly vectors. This study concluded that the risk for the introduction and degree of uncertainty of Leishmania in imported dogs in South Africa are moderate. Risk mitigation and recommendations such as investigations into possible occurrence of autochthonous leishmaniasis in the country, surveillance in its wildlife reservoirs and systematic surveillance of sandfly populations are discussed.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Salmonellosis: Serotypes, prevalence and multi-drug resistant profiles of Salmonella enterica in selected poultry farms, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria Полный текст
2019
Ahmed, Akeem O.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Raji, Moshood A.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Mamman, Paul H.(Ahmadu Bello University Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Kwanashie, Clara N.(Ahmadu Bello University Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Raufu, Ibrahim A.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Aremu, Abdulfatai(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology) | Akorede, Ganiu J.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology)
Salmonellosis: Serotypes, prevalence and multi-drug resistant profiles of Salmonella enterica in selected poultry farms, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria Полный текст
2019
Ahmed, Akeem O.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Raji, Moshood A.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Mamman, Paul H.(Ahmadu Bello University Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Kwanashie, Clara N.(Ahmadu Bello University Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Raufu, Ibrahim A.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Microbiology) | Aremu, Abdulfatai(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology) | Akorede, Ganiu J.(University of Ilorin Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology)
Salmonellosis is a major threat facing the poultry industry globally. This study was conducted to investigate the level of Salmonella contaminations and determine the resistance pattern of isolates obtained from selected poultry farms in Kwara State, a transition state between southern and northern regions of Nigeria. A total of 900 samples were collected between January and August 2017, from the poultry environment, apparently including healthy and dead birds. Salmonella was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological methods. All presumptive Salmonella isolates were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using 11 different antimicrobials. A total of 58 (6.4%) Salmonella isolates were obtained, and the isolation rate was only statistically significant (p < 0.05) in live birds. The isolates comprised of 13 serovars. The three predominant serovars, Salmonella enterica ser. 6.7:d:- (29.0%), Salmonella Agama (28.0%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (16.0%), were isolated from all three sample types. Rare serovars like Salmonella Albany, Salmonella Colindale, Salmonella Istanbul, Salmonella Larochelle, Salmonella Nigeria and Salmonella Orion were also isolated in this study. A high frequency of resistance was generally observed with all the isolates exhibiting a total of (100%) resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. This study documents the first predominant isolation of S. enterica ser. 6.7:d:- and S. Agama from chickens. It also documents the high frequency of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporins resistance of the isolates indicating the presence of selective pressure in the environment. Controls and targeted interventions against Salmonella and the frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in chickens should be initiated to prevent the spread of this organism.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Salmonellosis: Serotypes, prevalence and multi-drug resistant profiles of Salmonella enterica in selected poultry farms, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria Полный текст
2019
Akeem O. Ahmed | Moshood A. Raji | Paul H. Mamman | Clara N. Kwanashie | Ibrahim A. Raufu | Abdulfatai Aremu | Ganiu J. Akorede
Salmonellosis is a major threat facing the poultry industry globally. This study was conducted to investigate the level of Salmonella contaminations and determine the resistance pattern of isolates obtained from selected poultry farms in Kwara State, a transition state between southern and northern regions of Nigeria. A total of 900 samples were collected between January and August 2017, from the poultry environment, apparently including healthy and dead birds. Salmonella was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological methods. All presumptive Salmonella isolates were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using 11 different antimicrobials. A total of 58 (6.4%) Salmonella isolates were obtained, and the isolation rate was only statistically significant (p < 0.05) in live birds. The isolates comprised of 13 serovars. The three predominant serovars, Salmonella enterica ser. 6.7:d:- (29.0%), Salmonella Agama (28.0%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (16.0%), were isolated from all three sample types. Rare serovars like Salmonella Albany, Salmonella Colindale, Salmonella Istanbul, Salmonella Larochelle, Salmonella Nigeria and Salmonella Orion were also isolated in this study. A high frequency of resistance was generally observed with all the isolates exhibiting a total of (100%) resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. This study documents the first predominant isolation of S. enterica ser. 6.7:d:- and S. Agama from chickens. It also documents the high frequency of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporins resistance of the isolates indicating the presence of selective pressure in the environment. Controls and targeted interventions against Salmonella and the frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in chickens should be initiated to prevent the spread of this organism.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola spp. isolated from slaughtered cattle in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial marker Полный текст
2019
Chikowore, Tatenda J.(University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science School of Life Sciences) | Zishiri, Oliver T.(University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science School of Life Sciences) | Mukaratirwa, Samson(University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science School of Life Sciences)
Phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola spp. isolated from slaughtered cattle in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial marker Полный текст
2019
Chikowore, Tatenda J.(University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science School of Life Sciences) | Zishiri, Oliver T.(University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science School of Life Sciences) | Mukaratirwa, Samson(University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science School of Life Sciences)
Fasciola spp. are the causative agents of fascioliasis in humans and livestock. Before the development of control and management measures, the geographical distribution of the species and patterns of infection must be considered. Because of difficulties in the phenotypic differentiation and morphometric classification of Fasciola spp., DNA molecular markers have become more useful for fluke differentiation and description of phylogenetic patterns. This study aimed to differentiate and describe the phylogenetic background of Fasciola spp. isolated from cattle slaughtered at three abattoirs in the Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa. The cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) - FHCO1 (forward: 5′-TTGGTTTTTTGGGCATCCT-3′) and FHCO1 (reverse: 5′ -AGGCCACCACCAAATAAAAGA3′) - marker was sequenced from 55 Fasciola flukes that were collected from abattoirs in catchment areas of the KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces. Fasciola hepatica was demonstrated to have 100% prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga (highveld), respectively, and 76% prevalence in the lowveld (Belfast area) of Mpumalanga. Two animals from the Belfast metapopulation were co-infected with both Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. DNA sequence analysis of all the isolates demonstrated a sequence conservation of 0.472, nucleotide diversity of 0.082 and Tajima's D of -1.100; however, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Twenty-two haplotypes were identified, with 18 novel haplotypes being unique to the isolates from South Africa. Within the study samples, 12 haplotypes were isolated to a few individuals, with a haplotype diversity of 0.8957 indicating high genetic diversity. Principal coordinate analysis supported the clustering and distribution of the haplotypes, with 11.38% of the variation being attributed to coordinate 2 and 55.52% to coordinate 1. The distribution of Fasciola spp. has been demonstrated to be related to the distribution of the freshwater intermediate host snails, Lymnaea spp., as well as the relative altitude of the localities in South Africa. Information provided by this study serves as preliminary evidence for further studies on the mapping of the distribution of F. gigantica and F. hepatica in South Africa, which is key in designing control programmes for fascioliasis in humans and livestock.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola spp. isolated from slaughtered cattle in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial marker Полный текст
2019
Tatenda J. Chikowore | Oliver T. Zishiri | Samson Mukaratirwa
Fasciola spp. are the causative agents of fascioliasis in humans and livestock. Before the development of control and management measures, the geographical distribution of the species and patterns of infection must be considered. Because of difficulties in the phenotypic differentiation and morphometric classification of Fasciola spp., DNA molecular markers have become more useful for fluke differentiation and description of phylogenetic patterns. This study aimed to differentiate and describe the phylogenetic background of Fasciola spp. isolated from cattle slaughtered at three abattoirs in the Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa. The cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) – FHCO1 (forward: 5′-TTGGTTTTTTGGGCATCCT-3′) and FHCO1 (reverse: 5′ -AGGCCACCACCAAATAAAAGA3′) – marker was sequenced from 55 Fasciola flukes that were collected from abattoirs in catchment areas of the KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces. Fasciola hepatica was demonstrated to have 100% prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga (highveld), respectively, and 76% prevalence in the lowveld (Belfast area) of Mpumalanga. Two animals from the Belfast metapopulation were co-infected with both Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. DNA sequence analysis of all the isolates demonstrated a sequence conservation of 0.472, nucleotide diversity of 0.082 and Tajima’s D of -1.100; however, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Twenty-two haplotypes were identified, with 18 novel haplotypes being unique to the isolates from South Africa. Within the study samples, 12 haplotypes were isolated to a few individuals, with a haplotype diversity of 0.8957 indicating high genetic diversity. Principal coordinate analysis supported the clustering and distribution of the haplotypes, with 11.38% of the variation being attributed to coordinate 2 and 55.52% to coordinate 1. The distribution of Fasciola spp. has been demonstrated to be related to the distribution of the freshwater intermediate host snails, Lymnaea spp., as well as the relative altitude of the localities in South Africa. Information provided by this study serves as preliminary evidence for further studies on the mapping of the distribution of F. gigantica and F. hepatica in South Africa, which is key in designing control programmes for fascioliasis in humans and livestock.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Acaricidal activity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of 15 South African plants against Rhipicephalus turanicus and their toxicity on human liver and kidney cells Полный текст
2019
Fouche, Gerda(University of Pretoria Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Chemistry Department) | Adenubi, Olubukola T.(University of Pretoria Department of Paraclinical Sciences) | Leboho, Tlabo(Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences) | McGaw, Lyndy J.(University of Pretoria Department of Paraclinical Sciences) | Naidoo, Vinny(University of Pretoria Faculty Veterinary Science Biomedical Research Centre) | Wellington, Kevin W.(Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences) | Eloff, Jacobus N.(University of Pretoria Department of Paraclinical Sciences)
Acaricidal activity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of 15 South African plants against Rhipicephalus turanicus and their toxicity on human liver and kidney cells Полный текст
2019
Fouche, Gerda(University of Pretoria Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Chemistry Department) | Adenubi, Olubukola T.(University of Pretoria Department of Paraclinical Sciences) | Leboho, Tlabo(Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences) | McGaw, Lyndy J.(University of Pretoria Department of Paraclinical Sciences) | Naidoo, Vinny(University of Pretoria Faculty Veterinary Science Biomedical Research Centre) | Wellington, Kevin W.(Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences) | Eloff, Jacobus N.(University of Pretoria Department of Paraclinical Sciences)
Hot water and hydroethanolic (70:30) extracts were prepared from 15 plant species, which were investigated to discover eco-friendly and less expensive tick control methods as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. A contact bioassay was used to determine the acaricidal activity of these extracts against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus (Acari: Ixodidae) at a concentration of 20% (200 mg/mL). The hydroethanolic extracts had better activity than the hot water extracts against R. turanicus. The hydroethanolic extract from Tabernaemontana elegans (leaves) had the best mortality (87.0%). This was followed by Calpurnia aurea (stems) with a mortality of 75.0%, Schkuhria pinnata (whole plant) with a mortality of 67.0% and Aloe rupestris (leaves) with a mortality of 66.6%. The toxicity of the plant extracts was also investigated and it was found that most of the hydroethanolic and hot water extracts were either safe or very safe on human Vero kidney and liver HepG2 cells. From this study, it was evident that botanicals have the potential to be developed as environmentally benign natural acaricides against R. turanicus.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Acaricidal activity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of 15 South African plants against Rhipicephalus turanicus and their toxicity on human liver and kidney cells Полный текст
2019
Gerda Fouche | Olubukola T. Adenubi | Tlabo Leboho | Lyndy J. McGaw | Vinny Naidoo | Kevin W. Wellington | Jacobus N. Eloff
Hot water and hydroethanolic (70:30) extracts were prepared from 15 plant species, which were investigated to discover eco-friendly and less expensive tick control methods as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. A contact bioassay was used to determine the acaricidal activity of these extracts against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus (Acari: Ixodidae) at a concentration of 20% (200 mg/mL). The hydroethanolic extracts had better activity than the hot water extracts against R. turanicus. The hydroethanolic extract from Tabernaemontana elegans (leaves) had the best mortality (87.0%). This was followed by Calpurnia aurea (stems) with a mortality of 75.0%, Schkuhria pinnata (whole plant) with a mortality of 67.0% and Aloe rupestris (leaves) with a mortality of 66.6%. The toxicity of the plant extracts was also investigated and it was found that most of the hydroethanolic and hot water extracts were either safe or very safe on human Vero kidney and liver HepG2 cells. From this study, it was evident that botanicals have the potential to be developed as environmentally benign natural acaricides against R. turanicus.
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