A study was conducted to investigate the pathogenicity and the median lethal dose (LD50) of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from clinically diseased catfish against apparently healthy homologous fish to evaluate the lethality of extra-cellular products (ECPs) of the isolated strain in vivo. For pathogenicity experiment, five different concentrations of Aeromonas hydrophila strain BNS 01614 including 3× 108, 1.5 × 108, 1.5 × 107, 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 105 CFU/fish used via intra peritoneal. The results revealed that pathogenicity of BNS 01614 was confirmed by the mortality of 30 % to 100 % of all tested fish within 4 to 12 days with LD50 1.5 × 107 CFU/fish. The Concentrated extracellular products (ECPs) of the selected bacterium were prepared and confirmed to be toxic in Clarias garipineus with LC50 of 20µg.

Enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) is a common bacterial disease of sheep caused by Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin. It has mortality rates of up to 30% in non-vaccinated animals. Current vaccines from whole cell cultures are expensive to manufacture and can induce local inflammatory responses in sheep. They usually have reduced immunogenicity because of the difficulty of standardising the inactivation step in vaccine manufacturing. In the current study, we evaluated the safety and potency of a recombinant plant-made epsilon toxoid protein (r-Etox) as an affordable and safer alternative vaccine for developing countries. Results of injection site reactions, rectal temperature and toxin neutralisation test in single and prime– boost inoculations of mice, guinea pigs and sheep suggest that the product is not toxic to animals and could protect sheep against enterotoxaemia.

       This is an investigative study to explore the changes in the duration of different estrus cycle stages of cyclic female Wistar rats treated with anti-sera against bovine follicular fluid-steroid-free (ANBFF-SF), and to examine the changes of ovarian and uterine weight in association with these different stages of the cycle. The current study recruited 160 cyclic rat females, which were assigned equally into two groups. At proestrus phase, the control group received 100μl/female normal saline intraperitoneally, and the treatment group received 100µl/female ANBFF-SF. The duration of the four estrous phases were determined for two consecutive cycles. For vaginal smears, scarification of 20 females/phase/group was conducted, and ovaries and uteri were removed and weighted. The findings reported potential elongation of proestrus and diestrus durations and potential shortening of diestrus duration in treatment groups compared with control, whereas metestrus and total duration showed insignificant changes. The mean weight of both ovaries and uteri weight increased significantly at estrus phase in treatment group compared with control, whereas other phases showed insignificant changes between groups. In conclusion, SFBFF-AS administration has a potent role in enhancing sexual performance of cyclic female Wistar rats.

Twenty healthy adult Carp fish were collected from Dijlah river in Iraq in Summer and winter times of the year (Ten for each ). The fish were sacrificed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Routine histological preparations were carried out. Hematoxylin - Eosin stain was used. The finding of the current study showed that clear connective tissue capsule was not observed. Instead, wide loose connective tissue was surrounded the follicles. The thyroid follicles were distributed individually or in groups in the kidney and sub pharyngeal region( around the ventral aorta). The thyroid tissue was represented by thyroid follicles of different sizes and shapes. In Carp fish, the building up and organization of the follicular cells of thyroid follicles were simple and poorly organized. There was a close relationship between the morphological state of thyroid follicles and the season( temperature). The results of the present study also demonstrated that the spread of thyroid follicles in summer was more than in winter where the follicles appeared as aggregated at the periphery of renal tissue and also the results of this study showed that large and small follicles were combined. The study also registered that, during winter, the large follicles were mostly formed by the aggregation of smaller ones and that according to the physiological status of the thyroid tissue. The study concluded firstly that these follicles had the ability to wandered within the renal tissue. Moreover, the study concluded that the thyroid follicle was dynamic structure, and their sizes depending on the amount of colloid present within .

The present study aimed to investigate the histological ,histochemical changes of thyroid gland in case of induced hypothyroidism by carbimazole in domestic female rabbits . Histological results revealed many histpathological changes compared with the control group there are hyperatrophy of follicular epithelium , hemorrhage ,edema and damage in the epithelium lining of the follicles. Histochemical results revealed alterations in normal distribution of glycoprotein inside follicles of thyroid gland in hypothyrodic groups.

The present study was conducted to determine the histological and Molecular changes in the spleen of adult male Japanese quail after being exposed to effect of thermal stress was recorded. This study included two groups, each group consisting twelve male birds, the control group (A) was exposed to normal temperature for 45days, while the group (B) exposed to temperature (42OC) for 45 days. The histological and molecular changes were studied during (15, 30 and 45) days of the experiment, histological changes in spleen were represented by necrosis, degeneration hemorrhage and shrinkage fibrosis of lymphocytic nodules, cytoplasmic vaculation, infiltration of lymphocytes, metamorphosis of lymphocyte, nuclei pyknotic, dilation in the central vein of lymphatic nodules, edema, dilation of sinusoids and congested blood vessels. Molecular examination showed that the heat shock protein (hsp70) gen is present in temperature group that is also found in the control group. This confirms that the hsp70 gen is present in birds at normal and abnormal conditions.

This study was carried out in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine /Basrah University to evaluate the effect of lignan extract of flax seed on haematological, biochemical parameters and histological examination in female rats, compared with conjugated estrogen drug. For this purpose, eighteen female rats weighed (180-200g) and aged (4-5 months) was divided into 3 equal groups (6 rats / group) for 14 days. First group: Drenched 1ml of normal saline (0.9% of NaCl)for 14 days. Second group: Drenched 0.10mg/kg B.W of conjugated estrogen dissolved in normal saline (0.9% of NaCl) for 14 days. Third group: Drenched 20mg/kg B.W of lignan extract of flaxseeds dissolved in normal saline (0.9% of NaCl)for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from heart by cardiac puncture from all experimental animals. These samples are used for the measurement of haematological and biochemical parameter as well as hormonal assy. Thyroid glands, liver, kidneys, ovaries and uterus were removed for histopathological study. The results revealed that, the female rats treated with lignan extract of flax seeds showed an increase in body weight. The result also showed that treated female rats with phytoestrogen had no significant effect on blood parameters except a significant effect on lymphocytes. (P≤ 0.05) in serum lipid profile except HDL compared to control. Moreover the results of biochemical parameters were indicated the affected in female rats treated with lignan extract that the revealed a significant(P≤ 0.05) decrease in serum lipid profile except HDL-Ch of female rats treated with lignan extract compared with the control group. Also the treatment with lignan extract caused significant (P≤ 0.05) increase in LH hormone, estradiol and progesterone compared with .While it has no significant effect on FSH. The treatment showed some ameliorative effect on histological structure of studied organs.