Brucellosis is a major threat to public health especially in developing countries including Pakistan. This study reveals the characterisation of Brucella species affecting humans and goats in the Swat region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from shepherds and goats and analysed by Rose Bengal precipitation test (RBPT), standard plate agglutination test (SPAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The findings of the study indicated 24% (36/150) and 11.3% (17/150) positivity for Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, respectively, in human samples. In samples of goats, 26.66% (40/150) were positive for B. abortus and 16.66% (25/150) samples were positive B. melitensis by SPAT. The species-specific PCR confirmed B. abortus in 24% (36/150) of human samples and 26.66% (17/150) of goat samples by targeting the IS711 locus. The remaining seropositive samples were confirmed as B. melitensis using IS711 M species-specific primer. The sequences of the amplified fragments of the 16S rRNA gene were blasted, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that Brucella species circulating in the Swat district were closely related to B. melitensis and B. abortus reported from India, China, Philippines, and the United States (US) showing the existence of the possible epidemiological linkage among the Brucella species. This study concluded that there was a higher prevalence of B. abortus (26.6%) in humans and goats compared to B. melitensis (16.6%). These results revealed that the Brucella species were circulating in both humans and goats in the study areas. The findings of the study concluded that B. abortus and B. melitensis were circulating in goats and shepherds with a higher prevalence of B. abortus than B. melitensis. Furthermore, the Brucella species identified in Swat were phylogenetically related to the Brucella species reported from India, China, Philippines and the US. CONTRIBUTION: The proposed study covers the scope of the journal. The species of the genus Brucella affect both animals and shepherds. This study investigates the seroprevalence of brucellosis in shepherds and goats in different geographical areas in the Swat district. The phylogenetic analysis of the Brucella spp. identified in Swat showed close relationships to the Brucella species reported in India, China, Philippines and the US, which shows the possible epidemiological linkages between the Brucella spp.

Heartwater, one of the major tick-borne diseases of some domestic and wild ruminants in Africa, is caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium. The genetic diversity of E. ruminantium isolates renders the available vaccine ineffective against certain virulent isolates. To better understand the E. ruminantium genotypes in South Africa, a total of 1004 Amblyomma hebraeum tick deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples from cattle in three South African provinces were tested by pCS20 Sol1 real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and characterised by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using five housekeeping genes. Out of 1004 samples tested, 222 (22%) were positive for E. ruminantium. The occurrence of E. ruminantium in Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces was 19%, 22% and 27%, respectively. The E. ruminantium positive samples were screened for housekeeping genes and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three main lineages: clade 1 made up of worldwide isolates (eastern, southern Africa, and Caribbean isolates), clade 2 comprised only West African isolates and clade 3 consisted of Omatjenne, Kümm2 and Riverside. Some study sample sequences were not identical to any of the reference isolates. However, they could all be grouped into the worldwide clade. Genetic variation in the sequenced regions was observed in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using MLST to characterise E. ruminantium field isolates allowed the South African genotypes to be clearly distinguished from the distinct West African isolates. CONTRIBUTION: Characterisation of E. ruminantium field isolates is important for the control of heartwater and contributes to preliminary knowledge required for the development of a more practical vaccine against heartwater.

In Iraq, due to the government’s lack of control over antibiotic use by the aquaculture farmers, random use of antibiotic is prominent, especially Oxytetracycline (OTC). Oxytetracycline is a potent antibiotic used in aquaculture industries because it is easily obtained, inexpensive, and effective against bacterial diseases. The present study aimed at quantifying and comparing the amount of OTC residue in the two most consumed muscles, dorsal and caudal skeletal muscles, of farmed common carp fish ‘Cyprinus carpio’ by the Sulaymaniyah population. Samples of caudal and dorsal skeletal muscles of 54 (for each muscle type 27) carp fish were taken randomly from 9 large aquaculture ponds, which were composed of one or more earthen ponds, in Qaladze and Taqtaq areas near Sulaymaniyah Province/Iraq. The OTC residue was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two-tailed, unpaired t test analysis of the results was performed by GraphPad Prism software to compare between the residue levels in the two regions of the skeletal muscles. Twenty-eight samples had OTC residue detected in them, while residues in twenty-six samples were not detectable, only two of the caudal skeletal muscle samples had residues that exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL), while all the dorsal muscles with OTC residues revealed lower levels than the set MRL. The present study revealed that there was OTC residues in common carp, and different muscles have OTC residues regardless of their location in the common carp’s body. In addition, a specific MRL level and a legal regulation by the Iraqi government must be set to keep OTC use for the farms and residue levels in the fish meat under control.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease of poultry and other bird species like pigeon (Columbi livia), it characterizes as devastating and contagious and it has been distributed worldwide. ND in pigeons is caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1(PPMV-1) which is an antigenic and host variant of the avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), the disease in pigeons is termed paramyxovirosis and cause nervous signs with high mortality usually in the bird with kidneys infected with viscerotropic strains, and neural signs appeared individually. PPMV-1 was initially detected by hemagglutination activity (HA) and confirmed with hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), and molecular-based techniques. Serological diagnosis of paramyxovirosis is necessary because of the similarity of the PPMV-1 infection with sodium chloride poisoning, pigeon herpes virus infection (PHV), and ornidazole overdose that cause same neurological signs. PPMV-1 infection can be controlled effectively by vaccination by specific vaccines associated with good biosecurity aspect

The objective of the current study was evaluating the status of blood serum biochemical parameters in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus induced after experimental total pancreatectomy in local crossbreeding dogs. The biochemical assay was taken before the surgical operation and on the last two days of the insulin treatment period and after termination of insulin therapy till death of animals due to ketoacidosis after detecting severe ketonuria on urinalysis by urine stripe test when insulin withdrawn. Results of estimating the various biochemical parameters revealed a significant increase in the blood serum level of liver enzymes [Alanine amino transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and Aspartate amino transaminase], total cholesterol and potassium ions, while a significant decrease in chloride ions took place in both insulin treatment and withdrawal periods. On the other hand, significant increases in blood serum levels of triglyceride, total bilirubin, sodium ions, and blood urea nitrogen with significant decrease in total calcium was occurred in the insulin withdrawal period only. In conclusion, the first mentioned biochemical parameters might be involved in the pathogenesis of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus while the later mentioned parameters which exhibited significant changes only after cessation of insulin therapy might be involved in the pathogenesis of surgically induced diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs.

The current study aimed to ascertain the impact of acute codeine dose (0.50 and 1 ml/ 250g), on the histolopathological profile of the liver and kidney in male rats. A synthetic antispasmodic substance with comparatively low toxicity is opioid derivatives (Codeine), In present study results found that normal histological structure, except Some minor changes were shown in the control group (antihistamine syrup, which does not contain codeine), while the groups II and III contain overdose treatment of codeine were reveal that the over dose of codeine involved inflammation cells infiltrations in the liver parenchyma, congestion of blood vessel, fatty degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and pyknotic of hepatocytes nuclei. However, renal damage profiles were seen in the kidneys of treated rats, kidney reveal necrosis, cytoplasmic degeneration of lining of the renal tubules, and enlarged lumen intracellular space. Red blood cells flooded the intertubular gaps and congested the renal blood vessels. conclusion that opioid derivatives (Codeine) poisoning caused renal and hepatocellular damage

The anatomy and histology of the oviduct among different birds’ species is vitally ascribed to its functional role in eggs production, eggs quality, and fertilization. Therefore, understanding the morphological parameters of the adult female oviduct facilitates the accurate diagnosis of many diseases and prevents mortalities and production losses, the current article aims to review the morphological differences of the oviduct in four local domesticated birds: (Chickens) Gallus gallus domesticus, (Ducks) Ansa ansa domesticus, (Geese) Anser anser and (Turkey) Meleagris gallopavo. The results showed that the shape, length, width and weight of the oviduct varied among different bird species. Moreover, there were significant differences in the anatomical and histological measurements of the oviduct, such as the length of mucosal folds, the thickness of oviduct wall tunics and the distribution of glands. These differences were attributed to the relationship between the oviduct and egg weight, egg shape, fertility, and the size of pelvic bones. This review has effectively summarized the similarities and differences in oviduct morphological and histological parameters. providing valuable information on species reproductive traits and potential reproductive challenges.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of laser irradiation on the antifungal activity of the crude chloroform extract which was produced from leaves of Conocarpus species by which DMSO concentration (50 mg / ml) of this extract was exposed to laser radiation and other concentration was not exposed. Both concentrations were tested against the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Results showed that C. neoformans was sensitive only laser- exposed chloroform extract. While, the growth of other fungal species was unaffected either from non-laser - exposed chloroform extract or laser-exposed one. GC-MS analysis resulted in a content of the laser exposed crude chloroform extract form ⁅pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile,2-methylthio-7-(2-pyridyl), ⁅benzaldehyde,2,4-bis(trimethylsil oxy),⁅3-hydroxymandelic acid, ethyl ester, di-TMS, and ⁅ pyrimidine-4,6(3H,5H)-dione, 2-butylthio-⁆ while non-laser exposed extract had ⁅ carbamic acid, methyl-, phenyl ester ⁆, ⁅ acetic acid, phenyl ester ⁆, ⁅ phenol ⁆, ⁅ pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester ⁆, ⁅ hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester ⁆, ⁅ methyl 8-methyl-nonanoate ⁆, ⁅ phytol, acetate ⁆, ⁅3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol ⁆, ⁅ citronellyl isobutyrate ⁆, ⁅ 5H-2a,4a,7a-triaza-7b-phosphacyclopent[cd]indene-7b-thione, 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-⁆, ⁅ olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-oxo-, methyl ester ⁆, ⁅4-amino-5,7-dichlorobenzofurazan ⁆, ⁅ phenol, 2,4-dichloro-6-nitro ⁆, ⁅ ⁆, ⁅ cyclobarbital ⁆, ⁅ benzo[h]quinoline, 2,4-dimethyl- ⁆, ⁅ pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, 4-phenyl-⁆, ⁅ 1H-indole, 5-methyl-2-phenyl-⁆, and ⁅ carbonic acid, butyl octadecyl ester ⁆.