Assessment of the sperm membrane functional status appears to be a significant marker for the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. The hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST) is one of the best methods to evaluate sperm membrane integrity. In the current study, we used DW and hypo osmotic solutions of 50 and 100mOsm/l of dextrose/NaCl, NaCl, sucrose and fructose. Based on the results, Among the dextrose/NaCl, NaCl, sucrose, and fructose solutions and DW, Maximum numbers of swollen of bull frozen-thawed spermatozoa were observed with DW and dextrose/NaCl solution at 50 mOsm with average response by 61.20±8.677 and 47.90±10.181 respectively. The HOST response at 3 and 60 min for all of solutions were positively correlated to each other and there was no significant difference between the responses to the HOST at 3 and 60 min after incubation in all of solutions. The significant correlation was observed between motility and dextrose/NaCl at 50 mOsm, sucrose 50 and 100 mOsm, NaCl 50 mOsm and DW. The high relationship was between motility and DW and dextrose/NaCl at 50 mosm. There was no significant correlation between DW and all of hypoosmotic solutions with staining of the spermatozoa by eosin/nigrosin. In conclusion, the water test can be efficiently used for the evaluation of the functional integrity of the plasma membrane of bull frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The hypoosmular solution of dextrose/NaCl at 50 mOsm is a good medium to evaluate bull frozen spermatozoa. The used of HOST and motility are better tests to evaluate bull frozen thawed sperm than eosin-nigrosin. The short HOST procedure (3 min) is suitable method for evaluating of membrane integrity of bull frozen/thawed spermatozoa

The current study investigated the comparison of the biochemical composition of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. which collected from four different sources in Basrah city; Shatt Al-Arab river at Abul- Khasib by using gill nets, earthen ponds at the University of Basrah campus, fish cages at Al-Hartha district and cooled fish imported from the Islamic Republic of Iran. Fifty specimens of each fish source were selected for analysis, half of which was stored with ice for up to ١٠days. The results indicated that higher moisture content 78.2% was in the muscular tissues of Shatt Al-Arab fish. Highest fat content 11.9% was recorded in imported fish, highest protein 18.17% and ash 2.29% were measured in fresh pond fish. Caloric value of the examined fish showed variations between fresh and iced fish where the highest value 165.62 Kcal/ 100 gm was recorded in fresh cage fish

Infectious bronchitis threatens the poultry industry throughout the world, The control of IB of the big problems in the world because of the wide variations in serotypes and development in the virulence of strains from time to time, and nature is very contagious, the rapid evolution in the specific tissue tropism and recombinants because of the synchronization of infection with different virus types and the use of live vaccines.found that the IB virus which is isolated from the recent outbreak is the same serotype but the difference genotype compared with the strains of current vaccine. Previous studies have indicated that the broiler vaccination with inactivated vaccines showed significantly less virus shed if challenge with the homologous vaccines (same genotype viruses) as compared with birds that vaccination genetically heterologous vaccines. The current study compared the extent of protection resulting from vaccination with live Commercial vaccines(Volvac® IB Mass MLV, Poulvac® IB Primer (D274), Avipro® IB M48 and mixed vaccine from (Volvac®, Poulvac® and Avipro®)). Vaccinates werechallenged with virulent field isolate (Variant2) strain. Weekly post-vaccination, collected serum for analytical knowledge of the amount of antibodies using hemagglutiation inhibition test against all vaccine antigens used in the experiment after challenge with field virulent (Variant2 isolate), examine the birds daily to monitor the morbidity and mortality rates in selected periods for shedding virus by real time PCRto detect and quantitate the IBV viral copy number from clinical samples.After challenge with (Variant2) birdsvaccinated with mixed vaccine revealed less shedding virus compared to (Volvac®, Poulvac® and Avipro®)- vaccinated birdsboth separately.Genotypic differences between the vaccines and the challenge virus do not reduce the ability of vaccines to protect against the disease, but genotypic similarities reduce the virus shed and limiting its spread. The use of same249 genetically advanced vaccines and expected to provide the best protection against the challenge with virulent field IB strains and limit the spread of poultry farming

Retinitis is the most important clinical consequences of Toxoplasmosis but the mechanisms used by T. gondii tachyzoites to invade the retina are not yet understood. In the current study, cellular pathogenicity of Toxoplasmosis in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) was investigated. Following in vitro infection of ARPE-19 with T. gondii tachyzoites, cell viability associated with infection was identified by Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Intracellular development of T. gondii tachyzoites within ARPE-19 was characterized by acridine orange (AO) staining. Morphological changes associated with infection was assessed by electron microscopy (EM). The results obtained showed that ARPE-19 permit the invasion, growth and development of T. gondii tachyzoites and that infection can cause a metabolic burden on the host cells and multiple morphological changes in the relocation of the host cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus) around the parasitphorous vacuole

This paper was designed to evaluate the kitchen insects bacterial mechanical vectors (Cockroaches) and its impact on individual and community health in Taif, KSA, the mean incidence of bacterial loads turbidity were (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group); (98.0, 97.2, 96.9, 96.5 and 96.2%) respectively, the mean was 96.96%. The mean incidence of bacterial growth evaluation were (+++ = heavy growth) in all groups, were in (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group); (78.5, 77.2, 76.3, 76.1 and 76.0%) respectively, the mean revealed 76.82%. The mean incidence of bacterial Colony Forming Unit (CFU) / mL evaluation, the mean was (3.3 X 105) / mL, were (3.8, 3.5, 3.3, 3.1 and 2.9 X105) / mL, for (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group) respectively. The mean incidence of bacterial Spp were isolated, which produced 12 bacterial Spp were (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus Spp and Citrobacter Spp) as (19.1, 16.2, 13.3, 12.2 and 8.3%) respectively, followed by bacteria (Shigella Spp, Staph. Spp, Strept. Spp, Serratia Spp, Bacillus Spp, Salmonella Spp and Campylobacter Spp) were (7.5, 6.4, 4.5, 4.2, 3.8, 2.4 and 2.1%) respectively. The conclusions confirmed the role of Cockroaches as a bacterial mechanical vector, which transferred and dropped of the pathogenic bacteria which caused food contamination, food poising and infectious diseases, that effected on the individuals and community health. So the insect control center (Insecticiders) must be arranged to eradicate the Cockroaches and also the kitchens hygiene must be improved to protect the individuals and community health.

Laboratorial experiments were carried out on juvenile and adults of A. latus to estimate and compare the effect of direct transfer from the control salinity of 1.5 psu to the different salinities of 1.5, 7.5, 15, 30 and 45 psu during the periods of 6, 24, 48 and 96hrs for short term effect experiments. Some physiological parameters (PCV, Osmotic pressure, muscles water content, total protein, glucose, sodium Na+, potassium K+ and chloride Cl-) were tested in plasma of the two age stages. Results for all parameters showed a clear ability of adults to Osmoregulate and adapt a wide range of salinities ranged from 1.5 psu to 45 psu and explain why juvenile die at the salinity 45 psu after 48 hrs of transport by showing the insufficiency of juvenile to Osmoregulate and the high exhaustion of body activities in this salinity. The results indicated that the salinity increase caused an increase in plasma PCV, osmotic pressure, (sodium, potassium and chloride ions), total protein and glucose. Also, a decrease in water content of muscles of juvenile and adults. The time of 96 hrs was not enough for juvenile to reach the stable condition at high salinities, while adults showed more constancy at the end time of experiment in all salinities.

The main aim of present study was to identify the seroprevalence of N. caninum infections in cattle of some districts in Wasit province using a serological test (indirectELISA), and confirmation of seropositive results by a molecular PCR. In this study, the blood samples and epidemiological required data were collected from 327 animals during a period of September 2015 to May 2016. The overall results were revealed that 27.22% and 12.36% of study’s cattle were positives with indirect ELISA and PCR, respectively. Regarding to the epidemiological risk factors submitted for this study; the prevalence of seropositive rates was reported a statistically variable results. Among district factor, the seropositive results were 36.28%, 27.88%, 17.31% and 26.53% in Al-Azizyah, AlNumaniyah, Al-Kut and Al-Hay districts, respectively. According to age factor, it was 18.58% and 31.78% in  3 years and  3years groups, respectively; while in sex factor, males were reported 24.53% and females 27.74%. Relating to reproductive statement factor, the positive infections were 30.99% and 21.97% in aborted and non-aborted cows, respectively. Whereas in productivity nature factor; it was 38.24% and 19.37% in dairy and beef cattle, respectively.

E.colican be assigned to one of the four main phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2 and D, which can be divided into seven and then into subgroups: A0, A1, B1, B22, B23, D1, and D2, in addition group B1can be divided into subgroups B11 and B12, using multiplex PCR according to the presence/absence or combinationof the three phylogeny genetic markers chuA, yjaA and DNA fragment TspE4.C2.In the currentstudy atotal of 30E. coli isolates were obtained from clinical and subclinical samples from mastitis in cows, sheeps and goats by standard bacteriological methods. Results found that the most isolates of E. coli belong to the phylogeny groups A and B1. Group Aincluded (14 isolates, 46.7%) belonged to subgroup A0 about (6 isolates, 20.0%), and (8 isolates, 26.7%) to A1 subgroup. On the other hand results showed group B1 composed (14 isolates, 46.7%). Group B1 can be also classified into subgroups B11 included (8 isolates, 26.7%) and B12 about (6 isolates, 20.0%). In addition our results showed (1 isolate, 3.3%), assigned to B2 belonged to subgroup B23 and (1 isolate, 3.3%), fitted in D belonged to subgroup D1. No isolates were found to belong to subgroups B22 and D2. Phylogeny pedigree was done according to the data recovered previously. This study explains that the distributions of E. coli isolates in phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D) varied depending on the climatic zone and environmental factors such as dietary, climatic conditions and geographic.