Objective: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus is the main infectious cause of goat mortality in Bangladesh, and co-infection may make diseases more severe. This study aimed to detect PPR and co-infecting diseases in goats. Materials and Methods: One hundred goats suspected to be infected with the PPR virus were collected from various areas of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. A systemic post-mortem examination was carried out on PPR-suspected goats. Lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes (pre-scapular) were used for ribonucleic acid extraction, whereas lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes were used for deoxyribonucleic acid extraction. Seven-pair primer sets were used for molecular detection of pathogens specific for PPR, goat pox, contagious ecthyma (Orf), foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus, Klebsiella sp., and Mycobacterium sp. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to find the exact cause. Results: Out of 100 PPR-suspected goats examined, 55 goats were confirmed as PPR-detected by RT-PCR. Among the 55 PPR-positive goats, 2 were co-infected with goat pox, 2 with tuberculosis, 10 with Klebsiella sp. infection, and 6 with FMD as detected by PCR and RT-PCR. Moreover, 12 goats were co-infected with PPRV and fascioliasis. Conclusion: About 58% of PPR virus-infected goats were co-infected with other organisms. There is a need to design technology to detect the state of co-infectivity at its early onset and future preventive and therapeutic strategies for co-infecting diseases. This is the first study in Bangladesh to describe co-infecting diseases of goats along with PPR. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 463-470]

Objective: To elucidate the cellular mechanisms of polyherbal formulation [Kolin PlusTM (KP)], genomics was performed to delineate the genes and pathways associated with lipid regulation through transcriptional profiling of the liver in commercial broilers raised on diets deficient in choline chloride (CCL). Materials and Methods: The gene expression patterns were studied for four groups [normal diet: normal, choline chloride deficient (CCD), KP (400 gm/ton), and CCL (400 gm/ton)] using Agilent microarray on day 42. The hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out on 12,614 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a similar expression. Results: Out of 12,614 significant DEGs, 1,926, 448, and 1,330 genes were expressed at higher rates, and 413, 482, and 1,364 were expressed at lower rates than CCD (CCD vs. normal), CCL (CCL vs. CCD), and KP (KP vs. CCD), respectively. GO enrichment analysis of DEG further revealed the significant association of biological process items with the lipid, sterol, and lipoprotein metabolic processes. In particular, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha, carnitine palmitoyl transferase I, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme com¬plex subunit beta, and patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipase C, ABCG5, ABCG8, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ATP citrate lyase enzyme, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma genes involved in lipogenesis were altered by KP intervention for lipid metabolism. Conclusions: These findings reveal that the supplementation of KP prevents fatty liver-associated problems in broiler chickens by modulating the expression of the above-mentioned genes that are responsible for the oxidation of fatty acids and lipogenesis in the liver. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 432-439]

Objective: The study aimed to develop and assess an Android app designed for farmers with a low educational status that can formulate a least-cost ration. Materials and Methods: First, a computer-android-based app named BLRI FeedMaster was developed to guide users in formulating a balanced ration at the least cost. A survey was conducted on 30 livestock officers and 18 farmers with 50 cattle to evaluate its efficacy at the field level. The study outcomes were milk yield, feeding cost, milk composition, time, and cost for management before and after using the BLRI FeedMaster app. Descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests were used to analyze the data. Results: After adopting the BLRI FeedMaster app, a significant increase was observed in daily average milk yield (9.39 ± 0.32 l from 8.37 ± 0.36 l), while a considerable decrease was observed in daily average feed quantity (4.88 ± 0.15 kg from 5.60 ± 0.17 kg) and feed cost (BDT 28.00 ± 0.50 from BDT 29.75 ± 0.49). Besides, the number of visits, time, and cost for seeking professional services regarding feed, health care, and other information was significantly minimized. The number of visits decreased to 0.36 ± 013 from 3.07 ± 0.38, and the consumed time was reduced from 270 ± 34.30 to 235.71 ± 59.42 min (p < 0.05) after adopting the app. Conclusion: Hence, this app was very beneficial for farmers with a low economic and educational background and may ultimately help farmers with profitable animal farming and sustainable pro¬duction in the least developed countries like Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 374-382]

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the marbling score, fat and meat color, choles¬terol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and physical–chemical con¬tent of male Bali beef fed fermented pineapple peel. Materials and Methods: Twelve heads of male Bali cattle with an initial weight of 168.46 ± 11.95 kg were put into individual cages at random based on a completely randomized design with three treatments and four heads of Bali cattle as replicates, namely T0 = NG + (39% MC + 61% RB + 0% fermented pineapple peel); T1 = NG + (10% MC + 70% RB + 20% fermented pineapple peel with yeast culture); and T2 = NG + (15% MG + 65% RB + 20% pineapple peel fermented by lactic acid bacteria). The sample of Bali cattle meat used in testing the research variables was the LD muscle, with as many as 24 samples for each treatment. The data were analyzed based on the analysis of variance using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions software program, following Duncan's test with 5% confidence. Results: The results showed that the treatment T2 could increase the marbling quality of the meat from 2.58% to 4.00%. The cholesterol content (80 mg/100 gm), HDL (60 mg/100 gm), LDL (10 mg/100 gm), water-holding capacity (36.10%), cooking loss (29.16%), tenderness/shear force (4.08 kg/cm2), crude protein (22.99%), crude fat (4.23%), and meat collagen (1.65%) were determined. Conclusions: Adding 20% of fermented pineapple peel by lactic acid bacteria to the ration can improve the quality of marbling, produce cholesterol, and the physical–chemical value of meat that meets the Indonesian National Standard. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 419-431]

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding various doses of green tea extract to the semen of Kacang goats during the sexing process on motility, viability, membrane integrity, malondialdehide (MDA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation. Materials and Methods: It started with the containment of the semen of the Kacang goat, followed by macroscopic and microscopic examinations. If the semen was considered viable, a diluter that had been added with various doses of green tea extract would be added to the semen. After that, sexing was carried out using the percoll gradient density medium. Next, the sexed semen was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Then, an examination of motility, viability, membrane integrity, MDA, and DNA fragmentation was conducted. Result: There was a significant difference between the control and treatment (p ≤ 0.05). The highest result was obtained in the treatment of adding 0.05 mg of green tea extract/100 ml of Andromed®. Conclusion: The addition of green tea extract can improve the quality of the sexed semen of the Kacang goat after it has been cryopreserved. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 412-418]

Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of using a combination of cassava tuber (Manihot esculenta) and Indigofera zollingeriana leaf flour as an energy source supplemented with citric acid in the ration on performance, carcass quality, digesta pH, viscosity, and the number of villi in the intestines of broilers. Materials and Methods: The research design was completely randomized with five treatments and five replications, each containing four broilers. The treatment was a substitution of corn in the ration with a combination of cassava tuber and I. zollingeriana leaf (CIF): without CIF, 5% CIF substitute for corn + 0.2% citric acid, 10% CIF substitute for corn + 0.2% citric acid, 15% CIF corn substitute + 0.2% citric acid, and CIF corn substitute + 0.2% citric acid. Each treatment ration was supplemented with 0.2% citric acid. The variables that were looked at were ration consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, live weight, percentage of the carcass, percentage of abdomi¬nal fat, pH, viscosity, and the number of broiler villi. Results: This study showed that the combination of CIF flour supplemented with 0.2% citric acid had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on body weight gain, ration conversion, live weight, carcass percentage, and the number of villi in broiler intestines. But it did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the amount of feed eaten, the amount of fat in the abdomen, the pH of the digesta, or the thickness of the broilers' blood. Conclusions: The combination of CIF flour at a level of 10% supplemented with 0.2% citric acid can be used as an energy source to replace corn without having a bad effect on production performance, carcass quality, and small intestine characteristics of broilers. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 471-480]

Objective: This study assessed the bacteriological quality and prevalence of foodborne bacteria in raw broiler meat sold in Mymensingh City. Materials and Methods: Thigh and breast meat samples (n = 80) from broiler chickens were randomly collected from four live bird markets (LBM) in Mymensingh city for bacteriological analysis. To determine the bacteriological quality, a 10-fold serial dilution of the thigh and breast homogenate was made. Then, total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), Staphylococci, and Salmonella spp. counts were determined using plate count agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Gram stain, biochemical testing, PCR assays, and cultural properties were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Results: The TVC in the broiler meat sample ranged between log10 8.30 ± 0.54 colony forming unit (CFU)/gm and log10 9.04 ± 0.26 CFU/gm. TCC was found between log10 5.53 ± 0.38 CFU/gm and log10 6.66 ± 0.80 CFU/gm. The mean Staphylococcal count was recorded between log10 4.64 ± 0.61 CFU/gm and log10 6.42 ± 0.53 CFU/gm, and the total Salmonella count ranged between log10 4.75 ± 0.08 CFU/gm and log10 5.69 ± 0.58 CFU/gm. The prevalence of Escherichia coli was the highest (43.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%) and Salmonella spp. (20%), respectively. Conclusions: Data from this study indicated that the TVC and TCC of raw broiler meat sold at LBM exceed the permissible limits and are contaminated with foodborne bacteria, which might cause public health hazards. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 405-411]

Objective: To explore veterinary students' perceptions of online anatomy teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the School of Veterinary Medicine, where we collected data from year 1 and 2 undergraduate students. A Google Form link to the questionnaire and an introductory message were sent via email to all 68 students who had participated in an online anatomy class between March 2020 and May 2021. Results: The response rate was 82.2% (56/68). Most students were female (71.43%) and between the ages of 18 and 22 years old (83.93%). Overall, 58.1% of the students found it difficult to learn online anatomy, and most (82%) agreed that it was difficult to learn practical topics online. Nevertheless, 58.9% of the responding students recommended the continued use of online strategies in teaching this subject. Students reported that they could communicate with the lecturer and receive feedback. Perceived benefits of online learning included the convenience of attending class at home and having more available time, as well as the availability of prerecorded videos of course topics. Conclusions: During the pandemic, students got the opportunity to attend online classes from home. Students thought that online practical anatomy was less useful, and this is an area where new ideas can be suggested to help students see how anatomical structures work. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 453-462]