Objective: Sopi and Moke are two traditional wines in Indonesia. The present study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial effects of Sopi and Moke as compared to other commercial disinfectants. Materials and methods: The alcohol level and pH of the traditional wines (Sopi and Moke) were determined by alcohol meter and pH meter, respectively. The susceptibility test was perfomed to determine the antimicrobial activity of Sopi against Escherichia coli which was isolated from cattle, and the activity of Moke was tested against Salmonella sp. which was a local isolate of poultry. Results: In susceptibility test, Sopi showed 17.5 mm in zone of inhibition against E. coli, while Formades and reg;, a commercial disinfectant showed 16 mm of zone of inhibition against the same bacteria. Moke showed 17.5 mm inhibition zone against Salmonella sp., whereas Antisep and reg;, a commercial disinfectant had 28 mm of inhibition zone against the same isolate. Conclusion: The results indicate that Sopi and Moke have antimicrobial effects on E. coli and Salmonella sp., respectively. The findings of this study suggest that Sopi and Moke can be used as potential antimicrobial agents. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 282-285]

Objective: The present study was an attempt to delineate the roles played by the neutrophil surface adhesion molecules and toll like receptors (TLRs) in crossbred cows suffering from Staphylococcus aureus subclinical and clinical mastitis. Materials and methods: Thirty six Karan Fries (KF) cows were categorized into three groups namely healthy (n=12), subclinical mastitis (SCM; n=12) and clinical mastitis (CM; n=12) after screening 146 cows. The grouping was done based on evaluation of collected milk samples by routine procedures like Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) scoring, microscopic counting of milk cells (SCC), bacterial culture of milk samples and observing gross changes in milk. Culture of milk and blood was done for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical and clinical mastitis. Results: Healthy cows expressed significantly (P<0.05) higher L-selectin (CD62L) in both milk and blood neutrophils as compared to the animals suffering from SCM and CM; however, no significant difference was noticed between milk and blood neutrophils. Significant (P<0.05) increase in the expression of beta integrin (CD11b) was observed in the CM group of cows as compared to SCM and healthy cows. Similar trend in the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 in both blood and milk neutrophils was observed in the CM cows as compared to the healthy and SCM cows. Milk neutrophils revealed a higher expression of TLR as compared to blood neutrophils. Conclusion: Host elicits stage specific expression of surface adhesion molecules and TLR2 and TLR4 as dynamic host innate immune response against Staphylococcal mastitis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 99-105]

Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2014 in Khartoum state, the Sudan, to investigate aerobic bacteria and fungi of skin lesions of fish in 3 different areas in Khartoum. Material and methods: A total of 50 samples were collected from the skin lesions of different types of fish including Synodontis species (n=17), Tilapia niloticus (n=15), Labeo niloticus (n=10), Hydrocynus species (n=4), and Clarias species (n=4). Liquid, semi-solid, and solid culture media like nutrient broth, blood agar, MacConkey agar, sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), and Simmons citrate medium were used for the isolation and identification of bacteria and fungi. Besides, Gram staining and biochemical characterization were also conducted. Results: Culturing of the collected samples revealed growth of bacteria from all (100%), and growth of fungi could be found from 32% samples. A number of 188 bacteria were isolated, mainly Staphylococcus species, Bacillus species, Aeromonas species, Pseudomonas species, and Vibrio species. Besides, 16 fungi could be identified containing Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and Phycomycete. Conclusion: Fishes with skin lesions are harboring many pathogenic bacteria and fungi and may act as a source of zoonotic infections and can transmit several pathogens to workers in fish industry and consumers. Therefore, thorough and strict routine inspection of fish is recommended to ensure safety and that there are no serious risks to consumers. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 375-385]

Objective: Efficacy of AV/CSP/29 premix (Ca, P supplement with Vit. A and D3 along with synergistic herbs) (M/S Ayurvet Ltd.) was evaluated in commercial broiler chicks. Materials and methods: A total of 144 day-old chicks were randomly divided into three groups. Group T0 (n=48) control group, supplemented with basal diet without any additional source of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). Group T1 (n=48) was administered with AV/CSP/29 premix at 500 gm/ton of feed and Group T2 birds (n=48) were supplemented with Brand A at 500 gm/ton of feed for 0 to 42 days. Parameters viz., growth, performance, serum biochemical and carcass quality traits were evaluated. Results: More gain in body weight was observed in the AV/CSP/29 premix supplemented group (T1) birds as compared to other groups. Similarly, FCR was improved in the AV/CSP/29 premix supplemented group (T1) birds. Blood Ca and P concentrations were comparatively improved in AV/CSP/29 premix supplemented birds. Parameters viz., carcass yield, dressing percentage, tibial mineralization, water holding capacity and extract release volume were also found to be better in AV/CSP/29 premix supplemented group (T1) birds. Conclusion: The results from the current study suggest that feeding of AV/CSP/29 premix to broiler chickens may have a beneficial effect on bone quality and in improving overall performance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 268-273]

Objective: The objective of this research work was to find out the prevalence of clinically occurring diseases and the disorders in cattle and goats at the Sylhet Agricultural University area, Sylhet during January to December 2013. Materials and methods: This clinical study was carried out on 775 clinical cases (553 cattle and 222 goats) based on the general, clinical, physical and microscopical examination along with common laboratory techniques. Results: The clinically observed cases in cattle were (i) gyneco-obstetrical (15.37%; n=85/553; P=0.038), (ii) metabolic and nutritional (9.94%; n=55/553; P=0.245), (iii) bacterial and viral (26.22%; n=145/553; P=<0.001), (iv) parasitic (26.58%; n=147/553; P=<0.001), and (v) digestive diseases (21.88%; n=121/553; P=0.008). Similarly, in goats, the prevalences were found to be 14.41 (n=32/222; P=0.041), 15.76 (n=35/222; P=0.078), 30.63 (n=68/222; P=0.001), 23.87 (n=53/222; P=0.020), and 15.31% (n=34/222; P=0.069), respectively. Conclusion: This research work is a groundwork which may facilitate the potential researchers to investigate the details possessions for extensive therapeutic exercises in Bangladesh particularly in Sylhet region for designing the control strategies and conducting the treatment of infection and disorders in cattle and goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 24-37]

Objective: Swine production is one of the most popular and promising livestock production industries in many parts of Nigeria. It prides itself in contributing to the supplementation of the overall national protein intake, gainfully engaging the citizenry in the industry and generating foreign exchange to the nation through export of produce and products. However, the swine production industry in Nigeria faced with religious and cultural constraints as well as several infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in swine in the North Central State of Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 920 pigs comprising of 874 (95%) and 46 (5%) foreign and indigenous breed of pigs respectively were investigated in this study. Quantitative Mcmaster egg-counting technique was used for counting eggs of parasites. Semi-structured questionnaires was used to generate demographic data during October 2014 to March 2015. Results: Fifty five percent pigs were found to be positive for Hyostrogylus rubidus, while Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis and other unidentified eggs were present in 23, 17 and 5% pigs, respectively. and lsquo;Red Stomach Worm' infection in swine was the highest parasitic burden observed as compared to other parasites. Spreading of infection within sexes had a P value of >0.5. Conclusion: The prevalence of parasites in pigs obtained in this work is a consequence of improper husbandry measures and irregular veterinary medical intervention. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 278-281]

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) or otherwise called equine piroplasmosis (EP) are the foremost economic limitations to equids production. Thus, reducing the breeding capability and athletic performance of equids globally. Identification of these haemoparasites is crucial in understanding their distribution in the population and it is imperative to discern between species and subspecies that are responsible for the occurrence of the disease conditions. Conventional procedures such as microscopic and serological evaluations do not usually meet these prerequisites. Diagnostic contrivances, such as the complement fixation test (CFT), the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been efficaciously used for many years. Furthermore, DNA-based investigations for identification, differentiation and classification of different haemoparasites have also been established. Molecular diagnostic procedures, such as DNA hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transcriptomics, proteomics, metagenomics and metabolomics, permit the uncovering of parasites in blood, tissues or ticks with optimal sensitivity, specificity and consistency. In addition, these procedures can be exploited to detect definite species and subspecies. The prerequisite of these investigations must include proper premeditation and validation, these investigations provide an effective device for molecular studies, with greater benefits of flexibility to standardization. The application of these procedures for studying TBDs or EP globally will be irreplaceable for a long period from now. Therefore, the aim of this review is to draw up the specifics of the procedures in more convenient form for practitioners and researchers. KEY WORDS: Diagnosis, equids, molecular, transcriptomics, proteomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, haemoparasites, tick-borne diseases [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 84-91]

Objectives: This study was designed to reveal out the present transportation scenario of Black Bengal goats to and from some selected markets in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A questionnaire survey to know the behavioral parameters and management provisions provided by the farmers was designed to collect necessary information from Sirajganj and Gabtoli markets. The survey was conducted by direct interview with the stakeholders who were directly involved with the transportation of Black Bengal goats from Sirajganj to Dhaka city. Results: The present study showed that 58% adult respondents were involved in goat transportation program, among them 95% were male. Most of the farmers in the markets lacked institutional education (24%) or just completed primary education (41%). Only 27% of the respondents had earlier experience in transporting animals. Transport durations were <6 h (51%), 6 h (39%), and >6 h (10%). The goats were usually transported on foot or by using vehicles. All the respondents were known about planning of animal transportation. About 2, 5, 7 and 5% of animals were suffering from head swinging, stretching, stamping of feet and paralyzed condition during transportation, respectively. During transportation, the animals exhibited idleness (25%), panting (17%), foaming (14%), vocalization (13%) and moving forward (12%). Most of the farmers provided feed (41%), rest (33%) and shelter (24%) during the transportation of the goats. Only 5% farmers hired trained drivers for transportation purpose. About 27% animals were untied and 7% animals ramped during transportation. Besides, there were high percentage of pressure to animals (23%), hitting or kicking animals (19%) and abuse to animals (15%) during transportation. Conclusion: From this study it is concluded that Black Bengal goats became physically unfit during long time transportation although majority of the farmers took proper management practices. Therefore, changes in behavioral responses might be alleviated through creating awareness to animal raiser as well transporter. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 38-44]

Objective: This study was conducted to assess hygienic cow milk handling practices of milk producers, traders (informal collectors, transporters and vendors) and consumers across the milk supply chain in the Eastern Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A total of 160 milk producers in Babile district were selected using multistage stratified sampling technique. Moreover, a total of 54 milk collectors and transporters (5, 40, 9 from Jigjiga, Harar and Dire Dawa town, respectively), 152 vendors (40 from Bable, Harar and Dire Dawa town and 32 from Jigjiga town) and 160 consumers (40 from each town) were selected using snowball sampling technique. Data from the selected actors were collected using focus group discussion, questionnaire survey and observations. Results: The study revealed that the majority of milk handling operations in the study area is carried out by females. The majority of respondent milk producers (87.5-92.5%), collectors and transporters (88.9-100%), vendors (77.5-90.7%) and some consumers (37.5-47.5%) performing milk handling operations were illiterate. Most of the observed actors in the study area perform malpractices (such as failure to stop milk handling while showing disease symptoms, improper hand washing and handling of risk factors) while working with milk. Majority of respondent milk producers (87.5-97.5%), all traders and some consumers (12.5-32.5%) use plastic containers for milk handling. Milk handling equipments were commonly washed using warm water, detergent and sand; however, in most case they were not properly protected from risk factors after washing. Majority of respondent milk producers (55-65%), collectors and transporters (60-66.7%), and some vendors (0-50%) and consumers (0-55%) use water from non-tap sources for hygienic practices. Conclusion: In general; the findings indicated that milk handling practices performed across the supply chain in the study area were unhygienic and therefore suggested the need for improving hygienic practices. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 112-126]

Objective: This study was designed to assess the prevalence and the associated risk factors (e.g., sex, age, breed, management system and climate) of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Makurdi metropolis in Nigeria. Materials and methods: Prevalence study of canine heartworm disease in dogs was conducted over a period of six months covering five localities of Makurdi metropolis in Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 186 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy and sick dogs, and the samples were examined for the presence of microfilaria between September 2015 and February 2016. Three methods (wet mount, Buffy coat and modified Knott's techniques) were used for the examination of the samples. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and complete blood count for each sample were also determined. Results: Out of the 186 dogs, 4 (2.15%) were found to be positive for the presence of microfilaria. Out of the 4 positive cases, 3 (1.61%) were microfilaria and 1 (0.54%) was unidentified motile parasite. A total of 104 females were examined and only 1 (0.96%) was positive, while 3 (3.66%) males out of 82 examined were positive. Out of 141 older dogs examined, 4 (2.84%) were positive. Hematology of the positive dogs revealed mild anemia and moderate thrombocytopenia with Mean+/-SD of 34.8+/-15.30% and 108+/-60.81x109/L, respectively. Conclusion: The study confirms Knott's technique to be the most sensitive in the diagnosis of dirofilariasis in dogs using parasitological techniques. The findings confirm the occurrence of D. immitis in dogs in Makurdi with low prevalence and that the general public are at high risk of spreading infection from the dogs. Infection is more in male and adult dogs. This work can assist in planning appropriate strategies for controlling and prevention of D. immitis infection in Nigeria. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 338-344]