Objective: The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows at Baghabari milk shed area of Sirajganj and Pabna districts in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 300 milk samples were collected from crossbred dairy cows, and the milk samples were subjected for using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Besides, data related to farm management were taken from 60 farmers through direct interviews. The CMT was compared with White Slide Test (WST) and Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). The samples showing strong positive reaction to mastitis by CMT were used for the isolation of associated bacteria using conventional bacteriological examinations and biochemical properties. The isolated bacteria were subjected for antibiogram studies by disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 300 samples, 153 (51%) revealed positive reactions denoting that the cows were suffering from subclinical mastitis. Of the 153 samples, 39(13%) were trace-positive, 56(18.56%) were weak-positive, 33(11%) were distinct-positive, and the rest 25(8.3%) samples were strongly positive. In comparison economically among CMT, WST and SFMT, SFMT was found to be the cheapest and easiest. In this study, the cows were mostly infected with mixed infection with Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and some cows had single bacterial infection. It was observed that most of the microorganisms were sensitive to Gentamycin, Amoxicillin and Ceftriaxone, and were resistant to Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Colistin sulphate. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the crossbred dairy cows at Sirajganj and Pabna district is 51%. It indicates that subclinical mastitis is a major threat for dairy industry in the studied areas. Early detection and appropriate preventive measures are suggestive to successful control of the disease. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 295-300]

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of different types of gross testicular disorders in bulls, and to evaluate the associations with sampling year, age, and body condition. Materials and methods: In this study, a total of 398 apparently healthy bulls were randomly selected that were brought from different parts of eastern Ethiopia to the Haramaya University abattoir for slaughtering during the period from June 2014 to September 2016. Ante- and post-mortem examinations of the bulls were employed. Visual inspection, palpation, serial and systematic dissections into the parenchyma of the testes and scrotum were performed to determine the presence and the extent of gross pathological changes. Results: Out of 398 bulls, 209(52.5%) were affected by one or more gross testicular abnormalities of unidentified causes. Bilateral testicular hypoplasia was the most prevalent (9.8%; n=39/398) testicular abnormality, followed by unilateral testicular hypoplasia (9%; n=36/398), testicular hematoma (9%; n=36/398), orchitis (8.3%; n=33/398), testicular degeneration (6.5%; n=26/398), scrotal wound (6.3%; n=25/398) and epididymitis (2.5%; n=10/398). Unilateral cryptorchidism was the least prevalent (1%; n=4/398). Age and body condition did not affect the prevalence of any abnormality (P>0.05) except in scrotal wound which was significantly varied among body condition categories (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study reveals that the incidence of gross testicular abnormalities was 52.5% in bulls. Thus, attention should be given to reproductive management of bulls in Ethiopia. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 200-206]

Objective: Molecular based study was conducted to determine the associated serotypes in the reemergence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in Assiut governorate, Egypt during 2014 and 2015. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty cattle with clinical signs suggesting their infection by FMDV were examined clinically and twenty three of them were used for confirmation by laboratory diagnosis. Different clinical samples including vesicular fluid and tongue epitheliums were collected and after RNA extraction using commercial kit, RT-PCR was done using different primer sets. Results: Serotype O was detected in 8 samples, 2 of them were also positive for SAT2 serotype. The determination of specific serotype was failed in case of the rest 13 samples although they were positive when tested by the universal primer specific for FMDV. Conclusion: Serotypes O and SAT2 were the more prevalent serotypes in the current outbreak in Assiut governorate, Egypt. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 32-38]

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the hazardous effects of high fructose administration on kidney, heart and aorta in rats. Materials and methods: Twenty adult healthy male albino rats weighing about 200-220 gm each were used in this study. The rats were divided into 2 duplicate groups; control group and fructose group. Fructose was administered to rats in fresh drinking water daily for 8 weeks (the whole experimental period). Serum urea, creatinine and sodium concentration were determined by using ready-made kits. Spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods were also used for the detection of other serum components. Histopathological examination of the tissues was done by staining with H&E, PAS and Masson trichrome stains. Results: Nephropathy was achieved in fructose group after one month as indicated by biochemical assay. Pathological observation showed that high fructose administration decreased size of cardio-myocytes, increased cardiac interstitial fibrosis score and aortic wall thickness. In kidneys, high fructose administration decreased glomerular tuft area and corpuscular area, increased percentage in the rats affected with interstitial renal fibrosis score 1 and percentage of rats had glomerular sclerosis score 2. Conclusion: High fructose in diet should be avoided because it can damage kidney, heart and aorta in rats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 71-79]

Objective: This study was aimed at clinical evaluation of surgical wound healing in goats treated with ethanolic extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes through topical route. Materials and methods: Eighteen surgical wounds were made in nine goats. The goats were divided into three groups; Group 1 (test group) was treated with ethanolic extract of turmeric, Group 2 (standard group) was treated with Povidone iodine, and the Group 3 was kept as untreated control. Follow up information was recorded from day 0 to day 21 postoperatively. Some morphological characters such as swelling area of wound, elevation of suture line from the skin surface, width of the suture area and contraction length per week were considered to determine the healing process. Bacteriological evaluation was done by conventional bacteriological techniques, and the tissue biopsies were stained by hematoxylin and eosin stains for histopathological studies. Results: Swelling of suturing area (11.51&plusmn;0.36 mm) and elevation of suture line (2.65&plusmn;0.41 mm) were lowest in wounds treated with ethanolic extract of turmeric. In histopathological studies, it was seen that tissue debris and hemorrhages disappeared and a thin line of keratin layer reappeared on the epidermal surface of the wound treated with ethanolic extract of turmeric. Conclusion: Ethanol treated turmeric enhances wound healing process in goats. This result could help the veterinarian and the researchers to consider herbal product especially ethanolic extract of turmeric for the treatment and better healing of surgical wounds with minimal complications. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 181-186]

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the chelating effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3) by chitosan on growth performances, hematological and biochemical parameters, and the histopathological structure of the liver and the kidney in broiler chicken. Materials and methods: A total of 192 day-old Cobb 500 strain chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatments of 64 chicks each. Control group was fed on basal diet without supplement (R0) and the two others groups were fed on rations supplemented with 10 mg of unchelated (RAg) or chelated (RCs-Ag) AgNO3 per Kg of feed, respectively. Parameters that have been studied consisted of feed intake, weight gain, blood and serum biochemical, and histopathological analyses of liver and kidney. Results: Results revealed that chelation of AgNO3 by chitosan did not have any effect on growth performances and hematological parameters in chicken. However, chelated and unchelated AgNO3 increased the serum content in triglyceride, and cholesterol and decreased the serum content in creatinin, albumin and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT). Chelating AgNO3 with chitosan prevented and corrected the toxicity induced on the histological structure of liver and kidney. Conclusion: Chitosan can be used as a chelating agent to alleviate the harmful effects of AgNO3 as silver ion for poultry. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 187-193]

Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate economic loss from liver condemnation due to Fasciolosis in slaughtered ruminants in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Three hundred (300) livers each of cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered were randomly selected and examined for the presence of Fasciola flukes. The infected livers were weighed and economic value in Nigerian Naira (&#8358;) and US Dollar (US$) were assessed. Results: An overall economic loss of &#8358;602,400.00 (1,882.50 US$) per annum was incurred during the period under study from a total of 753 kg of liver condemned. Total of 428 kg and 325 kg of liver were condemned during dry and rainy seasons respectively, resulting in higher economic loss of (&#8358;342,400.00; 1,070 US$) in dry season and (&#8358;260,000.00; 812.50 US$) during rainy season. More liver were condemned in the adult cattle (372 kg) than in adult sheep (117 kg) and goats (108 kg) during the period of this study. Conclusion: Ruminant fasciolosis is endemic in Maiduguri, and high economic loss for the farmers and butchers are reported in this study. Strengthening and developing better control methods of fasciolosis in ruminants in Borno State is suggested. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 65-70]

Objective: This research is designed to explore the methods of isolation and culture for endothelial progenitor cells from bovine bone marrow, characteristic, induced differentiative capacity in vitro. Material and methods: Main experimental reagents contain DMEM/F12, fetal bovine serum, percoll lymphocyte separating, Trypsin 1: 250, VEGF, bFGF, GF-1, EDTA and so on. Cultivation system is DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS and VEGF 10 ng/mL, cultured under 37&deg;C, 5% CO2, saturated humidity. Cell viability is measured by trypan blue solution exclusion test. Immunofluorescent detection is used to detected cell surface markers and double swallows, while bovine chromosome is analyzed by karyotyping. Results: We find that the majority of bovine endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are fibrous shaped. Frozen survival of bovine EPCs before and after cryopreservation is 95.2&plusmn;0.14% and 80.9&plusmn;0.30% respectively; cryopreservation affects little on the viability of bovine EPCs. Immunofluorescent detection of the cell surface markers CD34, CD133 and flk present positive, which can confirm that the cell cultured in vitro are EPCs. Then Dil-ac-LDL and FITC-UAE-1 uptake assays are carried out. Eventually, bovine EPCs are induced to differentiate into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells respectively, demonstrating the multi-lineage differentiation potential of bovine EPCs in vitro. Conclusion: EPCs can be got with proper culture system. The little cell cryopreservation effect and stronger induced differentiation potential in vitro imply that EPCs can be applied in genetic resources conservation and reuse. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 88-96]

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in Sonali chickens at Bogra Sadar Upazila, Bogra, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 258 sick and dead Sonali chickens were examined for the diagnosis of different infectious diseases based on history, clinical findings and postmortem lesions of dead and sacrificed birds. Results: Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) was recorded in 14.72% (n=38/258) cases. Similarly, Newcastle disease (ND), Coccidiosis, Colibacillosis and Mycoplasmosis were recorded in 11.24% (n=29/258), 13.95% (n=36/258), 14.72% (n=38/258), 12.79% (n=33/258) cases, respectively. Mixed infection of IBD, ND and Coccidiosis found in 16.67% (n=43/258) birds. On the other hand, mixed infection of IBD, ND and colibacillosis was recorded in 15.89% (n=41/258) cases. Conclusion: It is concluded that several infectious diseases are commonly present in Sonali chicken in the study area of Bangladesh. Mixed infections are more prevalent as compared to single infection. Proper hygienic management and appropriate vaccination should be taken in consideration for effective control the diseases. Further microbiological and molecular diagnoses are suggested for detail studies of these diseases and their pathogens. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 39-44]

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in milk (farm bulk milk, raw market milk) and cheese (kareish, white soft cheese) samples that were collected randomly from farms, supermarkets, small vendors and shops in different districts of Mansoura city, Egypt. Materials and methods: A total of 100 farm bulk milk, raw market milk, kareish cheese and white soft cheese samples (25 of each) were screened for the prevalence of Salmonella spp. The Salmonella isolates were isolated and identified by conventional bacteriological techniques, which were further confirmed genetically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the presence of invA gene. Finally, the isolates were serotyped. Results: Salmonella could be detected in 15%(n=15/100) samples with a prevalence of 12%(n=3/25), 24%(n=6/25), 20%(n=5/25) and 4%(n=1/25) in raw market milk, raw farm bulk milk, kareish cheese and white soft cheese, respectively. The Salmonella isolates were serotyped into S. enteritidis 33.3%(n=9/27) which was the most frequent, followed by S. typhimurium 25.9%(n=7/27), S. heidelberg 14.8%(n=4/27), S. infantis 11.11%(n=3/27), S. tsevie 11.11%(n=3/27) and S. haifa 3.7%(n=1/27). Conclusion: The present study confirms the presence of Salmonella in milk and cheese samples in Mansoura, Egypt, indicating that the dairy products can act as potential sources of Salmonella infection. Thus, appropriate hygienic measures are suggestive for combating Salmonellosis in Egypt. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 45-51]