The animal trade is an important risk factor that affects the spread of diseases among animals and herds. The goal of the present study was to characterize the cattle movement network in Pernambuco, Brazil, based on the animal movement permits (Guias de Trânsito Animal; GTAs) from 2012 to 2013, and identify the intensity of the commercial relationship between farm premises. A total of 737,950 GTAs were issued, and the movement of 3,481,185 cattle (1,688,585 in 2012 and 1,792,600 in 2013) was analyzed. Of the moved animals analyzed, 52.57% (1,829,907/3,481,185) were involved in the movement of cattle in or out of livestock markets, indicating that livestock markets played a major role in the network. Approximately 20% of the more-connected premises were responsible for approximately 87% of the movement related to sales and 95% of the movement related to purchases. Considering the important role of livestock markets and the intense cattle trade between farm premises, surveillance, and control measures could be more efficient if targeted to livestock markets and highly connected premises to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Lymphocytes and macrophages are the main white cells involved in fetal-maternal tolerance. Little is known about these leukocytes in bovine placenta, such as the quantity and location of these cells. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify lymphocyte and macrophage populations in bovine placenta using specific markers and flow cytometry. This study analyzed samples of placentomes and intercaruncular regions of cows in the three quarters of pregnancy. In the placentomes, during the first quarter of pregnancy, mean percentage of labeled CD3+ cells was 2.34%; CD8+, 1.28%; CD14+, 1.66%; and CD335+, 0.96%. For the intercaruncular region, percentage of CD3+ cells was 0.71%; CD8+, 1.63%; CD14+, 2.81%; and CD335+, 2.81%. In the second quarter, placentomes showed 0.94% CD3+ cells; 0.77% CD8+; 0.72% CD14+; and 0.51% CD335+. In the intercaruncular region, percentage of labeled CD3+ cells was 0.50%; CD8+, 1.81%; CD14+, 2.64%; and CD335+, 0.51%. In the third quarter, placentomes showed labeling of 0.88% CD3+; 0.66% CD8+; 1.06% CD14+; and 0.74% CD335+ cells. In the intercaruncular region, percentage of labeled CD3+ cells was 0.19%; CD8+, 2.23%; CD14+, 2.43%; and CD335+, 0.16%. The results showed that there was a greater immunomarking of leukocytes CD3+ and CD335+ in the placentome when compared to the intercaruncular region during the third trimester. It can be concluded that leukocytes populations in bovine placenta is reduced, probably because of the syndesmochorial characteristic of bovine placenta. This represents a significant barrier for the immunological system of the mother, sharply decreasing the exposure of the conceptus to the mother’s immune system.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common microorganisms responsible for high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus are responsible for several outbreaks worldwide and therapeutic arsenal has become scarce. The present investigation verified the epidemiological profile of S. aureus strains isolated from the veterinary hospital staff, from dairy cattle workers and also from milk samples of dairy cattle presenting mastitis. Samples were characterized phenotypically by antibiogram, catalase, and coagulase tests, and also by Voges-Proskauer test. The isolated strains were characterized genotypically by specific Polymerase Chain Reaction and Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA). From the 218 isolated strains, 27 were identified as S. aureus (12%), four of them were resistant to oxacillin and two of them were classified as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus). The prevalence of isolated strains among animal personnel care was low (2%) but all MRSA isolates were found among the clinical staff. Results of ARDRA pointed out that S. aureus strains isolated from different animal care personnel were grouped in the same cluster when HindIII and HinfII restriction enzymes were used. When ARDRA was performed with HaeIII enzyme, the formation of two clusters was observed, but the isolated strains were not correlated. The prevalence of S. aureus strains isolated was higher in clinical staff and the biochemical and molecular assays of them presented 100% of correlation.

Serum samples from 116 horses and 47 dogs from the municipality of Paulicéia, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined for anti-Toxoplasma gondii, -Neospora spp. and -Sarcocystis neurona antibodies by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The results showed that only one horse was seropositive for T. gondii (0.9%) and anti-Neospora spp. antibodies were detected in three out of the 116 horses tested (2.6%). However, 27 horses showed antibodies against S. neurona (23.8%). Amongst the serum samples from the dogs, 10 out of the 47 dogs showed antibodies against T. gondii (21.3%) and three dogs showed antibodies against Neospora caninum (6.4%). This study reports that in the municipality of Paulicéia dogs in both the rural and the urban area were exposed to T. gondii and N. caninum, while horses in the rural area were exposed to all three protozoa studied, with high occurrence of anti-S. neurona antibodies.

Human parasitism by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s. l.), an important parasite in medical and veterinary sciences, is only rarely reported in the American continent. The present investigation reports a R. sanguineus s. l. male tick parasitizing a human in the city of Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, west-central Brazil. This observation is of public health relevance, since R. sanguineus s. l. ticks are known as vectors of spotted fever group rickettsiae to dogs and humans.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans, domestic animals and wild animals. Although there is serological evidence of T. gondii infection in wild animals, little is known about the role of wildlife in the epidemiological chain of this parasite. The South American coati (Nasua nasua) is an omnivorous species capable of adaptation to different environments. It can be found throughout Brazil, and in anthropized environments it can come into close contact with domestic animals. The present study found occurrences of T. gondii antibodies in South American coatis living in the Tietê Ecological Park, in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, through the modified agglutination test (MAT). In total, 99 samples were obtained and 70.70% (n = 70) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies, with titers that ranged from 50 to 3200. The data from this study indicate that South American coatis are exposed to this parasite.

Several studies use intubation or tracheostomy for data collection in lung function of rats. Due to the difficulty of performing intubation, tracheostomy is most commonly used. Knowing this difficulty, this paper demonstrates a new way to perform the intubation technique and compares pulmonary function variables obtained using intubation or tracheostomy. For the analysis of our new technique of intubation, 30 rats were used, and the comparative analysis of lung function data obtained through the use of our technique of intubation and tracheostomy, 16 rats were used, divided into two groups. The T group underwent tracheostomy. The IT group underwent initial intubation and, awaiting recovery, a week later was again subjected to intubation group, which was then called IT-1W. Our intubation technique is performed with the aid of a wedge, inclined bed and percutaneous transillumination. No animals died during the intubation procedure, and about 77% of the animals were intubated at the first attempt. We did not obtain statistically significant differences in the pulmonary function variables between the groups. Our intubation technique is easily learned and reproduced. The implications of such a technique can be generalized to all laboratories dealing with intubation of rats.

This study investigated the occurrence of rickettsial infection in ticks collected from wild animals in two areas of Brazil. Amblyomma dubitatum ticks were collected from a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Guarda-Mor municipality, state of Minas Gerais, and Amblyomma pseudoconcolor ticks were collected from a six-banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) in Corumbá municipality, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Attempts to isolate rickettsia in Vero cell culture were performed with one A. dubitatum tick and one A. pseudoconcolor tick, which were previously shown by the hemolymph test to contain Rickettsia-like structures within their hemocytes. Rickettsiae were successfully isolated in Vero cell culture from the two tick species. The two isolates were identified as Rickettsia bellii, since gltA partial sequences were 99.9%-100% identical to corresponding sequences of R. bellii in GenBank. While there have been several previous reports of R. bellii infecting A. dubitatum ticks, we provide the first report for A. pseudoconcolor, which increases to 25 the number of R. bellii-infected tick species in the American continent.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of early postpartum PGF2α treatment on reproductive performance in dairy cows synchronized with targeted breeding and natural mating after voluntary waiting period. In this experiment, 120 cows were assigned to three groups irrespective of presence or absence of luteal tissue. Cows in PG-14 group were treated with PGF2α from day 14 postpartum, cows in PG-28 group were treated with PGF2α from day 28 postpartum and cows in PG-42 group were not treated with PGF2α until the end of voluntary waiting period (d 42). After day 42 postpartum, cows in three groups were treated with PGF2α within 14-day intervals until natural mating after voluntary waiting period. Recorded reproductive parameters included days to first heat, days to first mating, days open, service per conception, conception rate, percentage of repeat breeder animals and pregnancy loss. Early PGF2α treatment from day 14 postpartum significantly decreased days to first estrus (34.9 ± 0.74, P < 0.003), days to first mating (62.35 ± 1.53, P < 0.04), days open (117.23 ± 3.1, P < 0.001) and service per conception (1.9 ± 0.09, P < 0.02); and PG-14 group presented increased conception rate (52.5%, P < 0.05). The proportion of repeat breeder syndrome tended to be affected by treatment with PGF2α from day 14 postpartum. In conclusion, treatment of cows with PGF2α from day 14 postpartum improved reproductive performance.

The interest in embryology, the science of the development of a zygote into a completely developed foetus, has increased greatly in recent years due to a number of studies involving embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, the development of techniques such as cloning has aided to understand the critical events that occur during embryonic development. In this study, we describe the morphology of two sheep embryos and one foetus using macroscopic and microscopic techniques. We investigated sheep without defined breed on days 24, 32, and 50 of gestation (estimated by crown-rump length [CR]). Macroscopically, we observed the development of E1 (24 days), with visible optic vesicle, but without retinal pigmentation and the forelimbs bud in development. In the E2 (32 days), we noticed the presence of optic retinal pigmentation and forelimbs more developed in comparison with E1. As expected, F1 revealed an eyeball already covered and the forelimbs developed. Meanwhile, microscopic analysis revealed somite, ventricle, atrium, and oral cavity in development in E1. However, in F1 we were able to identify more complex structures, such as ossification in the spine, ventricle, atrium, intraventricular septum, pericardial sac, and oral cavity with tongue. This work brings more precise and detailed data on the morphological characteristics of the major organ systems (nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and urinary) at each embryonic and foetal stage analysed.