This paper deals with the analysis of the global and per capita NOx and VOC emissions in the U.S. and the evaluation of the effectiveness of a number of environmental policies conducted by the government during the last 50 years. For this purpose we have employed fractional integration techniques, which are more flexible than other standard approaches based on the dichotomy between stationary I(0) and nonstationary I(1) behavior. Using the I(d) class of models, our results indicate first that the two NOx series display orders of integration substantially higher than 1, and though the VOC series display smaller orders, the unit root hypothesis cannot be rejected, indicating lack of mean reversion in the four series examined. Including dummy variables for each of the breaks referring to the environmental policies, the results show that the five policies investigated (at 1965, 1967, 1970, 1977 and 1990) were effective in reducing the number of emissions, being particularly important the one that was adopted in 1970.

Reductions of zooplankton biomasses and grazing pressures were observed during overfishing-induced trophic cascades and concurrent oil spills at global scales. Recent phytoplankton increments followed, once Fe-, P-, and N-nutrient limitations of commensal diazotrophs and dinoflagellates were also eliminated by respective human desertification, deforestation, and eutrophication during climate changes. Si-limitation of diatoms instead ensued during these last anthropogenic perturbations of agricultural effluents and sewage loadings. Consequently, ~15% of total world-wide annual asthma trigger responses, i.e. amounting to ~45 million adjacent humans during 2004, resulted from brevetoxin and palytoxin poisons in aerosol forms of western boundary current origins. They were denoted by greater global harmful algal bloom [HAB] abundances and breathing attacks among sea-side children during prior decadal surveys of asthma prevalence, compiled here in ten paired shelf ecosystems of western and eutrophied boundary currents. Since 1965, such inferred onshore fluxes of aerosolized DOC poisons of HABs may have served as additional wind-borne organic carriers of toxic marine MeHg, phthalate, and DDT/DDE vectors, traced by radio-iodine isotopes to potentially elicit carcinomas. During these exchanges, as much as 40% of mercury poisonings may instead have been effected by inhalation of collateral HAB-carried marine neurotoxic aerosols of MeHg, not just from eating marine fish. Health impacts in some areas were additional asthma and pneumonia episodes, as well as endocrine disruptions among the same adjacent humans, with known large local rates of thyroid cancers, physician-diagnosed pulmonary problems, and ubiquitous high indices of mercury in hair, pesticides in breast milk, and phthalates in urine.

In this work, Erythromycin A(EA)- degrading bacteria was isolated from the contaminated soil obtained from a pharmaceutical factory in China. The isolate designated as strain WX-J1 was identified as Ochrobactrum sp. by sequence analysis of its 16S rDNA gene. It can grow in a medium containing EA as the sole source of carbon and its optimal growth pH and temperature were 6.5 and 32°C, respectively. Under these conditions, when the initial Erythromycin A concentration was 100mg·L−1, 97% of Erythromycin A has been degraded. HPLC–MS analyses indicated that Erythromycin A degradation produced intermediates contained the following three substances: 3-depyranosyloxy erythromycin A, 7,12-dyhydroxy-6-deoxyerythronolide B, 6-deoxyerythronolide B and propionaldehyde. Since Erythromycin A-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. strain rapidly degraded Erythromycin A, this strain might be useful for bioremediation purposes.

Based on the remote sensing retrieval of PM2.5 concentration data in the long-time series, both the linear regression and grey system correlation analysis methods were employed to analyze the spatial and temporal pattern, variation trend and the main influencing factors of PM2.5 concentration in China from 1998 to 2014. The results showed that only 16.21%–24.67% of the land area in China PM2.5 concentrations reached the annual average criterion value of 10 μg/m3 set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998–2014; the PM2.5 concentrations were greater than 95 μg/m3 mainly in Xinjiang Taklimakan Desert, west of Tianjin and the central region of Hebei. PM2.5 concentration was less than 10 μg/m3 mainly in Tibet, western Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, Taiwan, northern Xinjiang, northern Inner Mongolia and northwest of Heilongjiang. High PM2.5 concentration in the northwest of China was mainly affected by sand and dust, while it was mainly caused by human activities in the eastern region. Except for Taiwan, low PM2.5 concentration areas were mainly located in the economically backward regions. The positive indicators in highly correlation with PM2.5 concentration include the average temperature, the proportion of primary and secondary industry to GDP, industrial consumption, the proportion of fulfilled amount of investment in real estate development to GDP, SO2 emissions and population density. The negative indicators in highly correlation with PM2.5 concentration include the average precipitation, the average wind velocity, the proportion of the tertiary industry to GDP, and the greening coverage rate of the built-up areas.

Road traffic emission factors (EFs) are important parameters in managing air quality. Estimation typically requires data from advanced (and expensive) monitoring systems which remain unavailable in some regions (e.g. in developing countries). In this context, the use of simpler (lower-cost) systems may be more appropriate, but it is essential to guarantee the robustness of EF estimations. This article describes a methodology designed to estimate vehicle EFs from street canyon measurements of traffic fluxes, wind speed and direction, and pollutant concentration levels by using low-cost devices, all samples at a one-minute interval. We use different moving window filters (time periods) to average the raw measurements. Applying standard multiple linear regressions (MRL) and principal component regressions (PCR), we show that there is an optimal smoothing level that best relates traffic episodes and pollutant concentration measurements. An application for PM10's EFs on four vehicle categories of Havana's fleet shows a preference for PCR over MLR techniques since it reduced the collinearity effects that appear when traffic fluxes are naturally correlated between vehicle categories. The best regression fits (R > 0.5 and standard deviation of estimates < 15%) were obtained by averaging data between 40′ and 60’; within the boundaries of 95% confidence interval motorcycles have an EF = 111.1 ± 2.7 mg km−1 veh−1; modern, light vehicles have an EF = 90.6 ± 11.2 mg km−1 veh−1; old, light vehicles have an EF = 125.4 ± 18.5 mg km−1 veh−1 and heavy vehicles have an EF = 415.1 ± 31.2 mg km−1 veh−1. We showed that upgrading old light vehicles is a promising scenario for reducing PM10 air pollution in Havana by between 10 and 17%.

Corexit, an EPA-approved chemical dispersant, was intensively used during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Current studies surrounding Corexit have mainly focused on its toxicity and oil removal capacity. The potential impact of Corexit on the surface ocean carbon dynamics has remained largely unknown. The spontaneous assembly of DOM (dissolved organic matter) polymers into microgels (POM, particulate organic matter) was demonstrated previously that it can influence various critical processes, such as colloidal pump, microbial loops, and nutrition availability in the surface ocean. Here, we report that Corexit alone can significantly inhibit DOM microgel formation and reduce the stability of pre-existing microgels. However, Corexit and oil, Chemically Enhanced Water Accommodated Fraction (CEWAF), could effectively facilitate DOM microgel formation. The unanticipated disturbance of Corexit and oil spills on the critical DOM-POM continuum warrant particular caution and thus should be considered for future application of Corexit during oil spills.

Simulated column was applied to research forming progress of single oil droplet in submerged process, floating progress, and study effects of environment factors and dispersants on the concentration of oil hydrocarbon in water as well as changing rules of oil droplet sizes. As expected, particular formation mechanism of single oil droplet was presented. When necking down length L is 0.5 time of oil droplet diameter (d) after expansion phase, necking down becomes long and thin; when L=2d, necking down begins to break. In floating progress, the shape changes oval and its motion trail becomes an auger-type. Fluctuation occurs at horizontal direction. Dispersants decrease oil droplet size by its dispersion effect, and cut down effect of Van Der Waals force among oil droplets. More broadly, these findings provide rare empirical evidence expounding formation mechanism of single oil droplet to increasing ability of oil spill response.

In order to assess heavy metals pollution along the Al-Khobar coastline, 30 seawater samples and 15 sediment ones were collected for Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Hg and Pb analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The analysis indicated a southward decreasing pattern in most heavy metal concentrations and the average values of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, As and Cr were higher than the ones reported from some worldwide seas and gulfs. Most of the highest levels were recorded within the bays and were related with in situ under sediments especially that composed of clays and very fine sands, and in localities characterized with anthropogenic activities like landfilling, desalination plants, fishing boats, oil spills and solid rubbish. The results of the present study provide useful background for further marine investigation and management in the Arabian Gulf region.

This work carries out a landscape analysis for the last 60years to compare the degree of preservation of two areas on the same Italian coastline characterized by different environmental protection levels: a National designated protected areas and a highly tourist coastal destination. The conversion of natural land-covers into human land uses were detected for protected and unprotected coastal stretches highlighting that the only establishment of a protected area is not enough to stem undesirable land-use outcomes. A survey analysis was also conducted to assess attitudes of beach users and to evaluate their perception of natural habitats, beach and coastal water quality, and coastal dynamic over time. The results of 2071 questionnaires showed that there is similarity between subjective and objective data. However, several beach users perceived a bad quality of coastal water in the legally unprotected coastal area. The implications from a planning and management perspective are discussed.

This study investigated the state of the art on trace elements in Mediterranean seagrasses, and their close environment (seawater and sediment). The analyzed species were Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, Halophila stipulacea, Zostera marina and Zostera noltei. All these species showed high tolerance to pollution and high capacity of accumulation of trace elements. Seagrasses also showed similar patterns of accumulation: the highest concentrations of As, Hg and Pb were found in the roots, whereas those of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were found in the leaves. Phytotoxic levels in seagrasses are unknown for most trace elements. The accumulation of trace elements in seagrasses is widely recognized as a risk to the whole food web, but the real magnitude of this risk is still uncertain. Seagrasses are known to act as trace element bioindicators, but this potential is still poorly valued for the creation of biomonitoring networks.