Empirical records provide incontestable evidence of global changes: foremost among these changes is the rising concentration of CO(2) in the earth's atmosphere. Plant growth is nearly always stimulated by elevation of CO(2). Photosynthesis increases, more plant biomass accumulates per unit of water consumed, and economic yield is enhanced. The profitable use of supplemental CO(2) over years of greenhouse practice points to the value of CO(2) for plant production. Plant responses to CO(2) are known to interact with other environmental factors, e.g. light, temperature, soil water, and humidity. Important stresses including drought, temperature, salinity, and air pollution have been shown to be ameliorated when CO(2) levels are elevated. In the agricultural context, the growing season has been shortened for some crops with the application of more CO(2); less water use has generally, but not always, been observed and is under further study; experimental studies have shown that economic yield for most crops increases by about 33% for a doubling of ambient CO(2) concentration. However, there are some reports of negligible or negative effects. Plant species respond differently to CO(2) enrichment, therefore, clearly competitive shifts within natural communities could occur. Though of less importance in managed agro-ecosystems, competition between crops and weeds could also be altered. Tissue composition can vary as CO(2) increases (e.g. higher C: N ratios) leading to changes in herbivory, but tests of crop products (consumed by man) from elevated CO(2) experiments have generally not revealed significant differences in their quality. However, any CO(2)-induced change in plant chemical or structural make-up could lead to alterations in the plant's interaction with any number of environmental factors-physicochemical or biological. Host-pathogen relationships, defense against physical stressors, and the capacity to overcome resource shortages could be impacted by rises in CO(2). Root biomass is known to increase but, with few exceptions, detailed studies of root growth and function are lacking. Potential enhancement of root growth could translate into greater rhizodeposition, which, in turn, could lead to shifts in the rhizosphere itself. Some of the direct effects of CO(2) on vegetation have been reasonably well-studied, but for others work has been inadequate. Among these neglected areas are plant roots and the rhizosphere. Therefore, experiments on root and rhizosphere response in plants grown in CO(2)-enriched atmospheres will be reviewed and, where possible, collectively integrated. To this will be added data which have recently been collected by us. Having looked at the available data base, we will offer a series of hypotheses which we consider as priority targets for future research.

This is an attempt at modelling exoenzymatic activities in eutrophic environments and in sediments, topics weakly studied up to now (Duddridge and Wainwright, 1992), by monitoring their response as a function of different levels of pollution due to discharges of sewage treatment plants rich in organic matter. | Nous avons cherché à modéliser ces activités exoenzymatiques dans les milieux eutrophes et en sédiments, peu étudiés jusqu'au présent (Duddridge et Wainwright, 1992), et tout particulièrement en suivant leur réponse en fonction de différents niveaux de pollution dus à des rejets de station d'épuration riche en matières organiques.

[Departement_IRSTEA]GMA [TR1_IRSTEA]GMA1-Fonctionnement hydrologique des bassins et des réseaux hydrographiques | Pesticide transfer in runoff is studied at three different scales on the watershed "Ardières", Beaujolais : 1: at the subwatershed scale (continuous weekly sampling) 2 : at the watershed scale (storm sampling) 3 : at the rainfall simulation plot scale. It also makes propositions in order to restore quality. | Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude de transfert des produits phytosanitaires à trois échelles distinctes sur le bassin versant de l'Ardières : 1:sous bassin de la Morcille : suivi en continu des transferts à l'exutoire, 2 : bassin de l'Ardières : prélèvements d'orage , 3 : parcelle de simulation de pluie). Il propose aussi quelques éléments de réflexion pour aller dans le sens d'une restauration de la qualité.