The present study was conducted on clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L. cv Wardan), to investigate the effect of ambient and elevated (ambient +10 ppb O3) ozone (O3) on plants grown in open top chambers (OTCs) germinated from gamma (γ) irradiated seeds. Dry seeds were subjected to irradiation with 0, 5, 10 and 20 krad doses of γ rays from 60Co source. Dose dependent differential responses were observed on growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, metabolites, antioxidative defense system of plant. Growth parameters and biomass of plants were severely affected under elevated O3 with increasing radiation doses, except, 5 krad which showed a reverse trend of response. Photosynthetic pigments and total soluble proteins were also reduced with higher dose of γ radiation and elevated O3. Reactive oxygen species formation and membrane damage increased significantly to different extents. Plants grown from seeds irradiated with low dose (5 krad) of γ irradiation depicted more induction of antioxidants (enzymatic and non–enzymatic) than higher doses suggesting their high ameliorative capability against elevated O3. Principal component analysis has also confirmed that plants grown from 5 krad γ irradiated seeds performed better against O3 depicting reduction in negative effect against elevated O3. The experimental findings evidently showed that 5 krad γ radiations altered the O3 induced stress and thus minimized the loss in biomass of the test plant.

Global in its distribution and pervading all levels of the water column, marine debris poses a serious threat to marine habitats and wildlife. For cetaceans, ingestion or entanglement in debris can cause chronic and acute injuries and increase pollutant loads, resulting in morbidity and mortality. However, knowledge of the severity of effects lags behind that for other species groups. This literature review examines the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans reported to date. It finds that ingestion of debris has been documented in 48 (56% of) cetacean species, with rates of ingestion as high as 31% in some populations. Debris-induced mortality rates of 0–22% of stranded animals were documented, suggesting that debris could be a significant conservation threat to some populations. We identify key data that need to be collected and published to improve understanding of the threat that marine debris poses to cetaceans.

We investigated the effects of salinity (5‰, 15‰, 25‰ and 35‰) on metal ion (Cu and Zn) and nanoparticle (NP) CuO and ZnO toxicity to Tigriopus japonicus. Increasing the test media volume without renewal increased the 96-h LC50 for Cu (32.75mgL−1) compared to the reported value (3.9mgL−1). There was no significant difference in acute toxicity at different salinities between acclimated and unacclimated T. japonicus (p>0.05). Increasing salinity decreased the dissolved concentrations of Cu and Zn ions due to the precipitation of the metal ions, consequently reducing the acute toxicity to T. japonicus. The effect of salinity on acute CuO and ZnO NP toxicity was similar to that on metal ion toxicity. Since the aggregation of NPs generally enhanced at higher salinities, both the dissolution and aggregation of CuO and ZnO NPs may control the effect of salinity on acute toxicity to T. japonicus.

We examined if there is truth to the preconceptions that non-resident workers (including FIFO/DIDO’s) detract from communities. We used marine debris to test this, specifically focussing on littering behaviour and evidence of awareness of local environmental programs that focus on marine debris. Littering was most common at recreational areas, then beaches and whilst boating. Twenty-five percent of respondents that admit to littering, reported no associated guilt with their actions. Younger respondents litter more frequently. Thus, non-resident workers litter at the same rate as permanent residents, visitors and tourists in this region, within this study. Few respondents are aware of the environmental programs that operate in their local region. Awareness was influenced by a respondent’s residency (non-residents are less aware), age, and level of education. To address this failure we recommend that industries, that use non-resident workers, should develop inductions that expose new workers to the environmental programs in their region.

Effects of the antimicrobial agent triclosan to natural periphyton communities (biofilms, comprising primarily microalgae and bacteria) were assessed in two independent experiments during spring and summer. For that purpose a semi-static test system was used in which periphyton was exposed to a concentration range of 5–9054nmol/L triclosan. Effects on algae were analyzed as content and composition of photosynthetic pigments. The corresponding EC50 values were 39.25 and 302.45nmol/L for the spring and summer experiment, respectively. Effects on periphytic bacteria were assessed as effects on carbon utilization patterns, using Biolog Ecoplates. No inhibition of either total carbon utilization or functional diversity was observed, indicating a pronounced triclosan tolerance of the marine bacteria. In contrast, a small stimulation of the total carbon utilization was observed at triclosan concentrations exceeding 100nmol/L.

We evaluated the biodegradability of physically (WAF) and chemically (CEWAF) dispersed oil in brackish water (salinity ∼6.5g/L), and the influence of nutrient availability (low nutrient-LN: background water vs. high nutrient-HN: addition of 100mgNO3-N/L and 10mg PO4-P/L to background water) on oil biodegradation rates at 15±0.5°C for 42days. No oil removal occurred in WAF compared with CEWAF: 24% in HN and 14% in LN within two weeks. The oil biodegradation concerned mainly alkanes as confirmed by GC/MS analyses. Higher O2 consumption (10.30mgL−1day−1) and CO2 production (3.89mg CL−1day−1) were measured in HN compared with LN (O2: 2.79mgL−1day−1, CO2:0.18mg CL−1day−1). Estimated biomass of hydrocarbon degraders and heterotrophic bacteria was at least an order of magnitude larger in HN than in LN. Combining dispersants with nutrients could enhance oil biodegradation and help improve oil spill mitigation responses.

Metro rail has been introduced in Delhi in 2002 to provide alternative mode of public transportation. The introduction of metro rail has resulted in passenger ridership shift from road based transport to metro rail. In order to estimate the emissions (CO, HC, NOx, PM and CO2), metro rail ridership has been converted to equivalent number of on–road vehicles which otherwise would have been playing in the absence of mass rapid transit system. The emission estimation for the year 2006 and 2011 corresponding to the completion of phase I and phase II of Delhi metro rail has been made using emission and deterioration factor(s) for different category and vintage of vehicles. The sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assess the influence of different combination of input parameters such as modal shift, engine technology, and fuel type on emissions. In addition, CO2 emissions saved due to shifting of motor vehicle ridership to metro rail has been estimated and compared with the CO2 produced (off–site) due to electricity consumption by Delhi metro rail for its various operations. The findings indicate that present modal shift scenario does not yield CO2 benefits. However, it is expected that with the increase in metro ridership, changes in modal shift and energy conservation initiatives by Delhi metro, CO2 emission saving could be possible.

The sources of PM10 in the Tahunanui airshed of Nelson, New Zealand were investigated using positive matrix factorization (PMF) on elemental data obtained from filters collected from September 2008-September 2009. Also, the source(s) of peak, non-winter PM10 concentrations that exceeded the National Environmental Standard for PM10 were investigated using PM10 and meteorological data from 2007–2012 and the PMF results. Seven PM10 sources were identified: biomass burning, motor vehicles, secondary sulfate, marine aerosol, crustal matter, protective coating activities and fertilizer. Overall, biomass burning was the dominant source contributor (35% of PM10). Analyses of PM10 concentration dependences on meteorological variables showed that peak, non-winter PM10 concentrations that occurred under moderate-to-high wind speeds from the southwest were the result of vehicular movements on unsealed roads in an industrial area. From this information, it is possible for Nelson City Council, who manages air quality at Tahunanui, to formulate mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of biomass burning and industrial vehicles on local air quality.

To assess risks of chemically-dispersed oil to marine organisms, oil concentrations in the water were simulated using a hypothetical spill accident in Tokyo Bay. Simulated oil concentrations were then compared with the short-term no-observed effect concentration (NOEC), 0.01mg/L, obtained through toxicity tests using marine diatoms, amphipod and fish. Area of oil concentrations higher than the NOEC were compared with respect to use and non-use of dispersant. Results of the simulation show relatively faster dispersion near the mouth of the bay compared to its inner sections which is basically related to its stronger water currents. Interestingly, in the inner bay, a large area of chemically-dispersed oil has concentrations higher than the NOEC. It seems emulsifying oil by dispersant increases oil concentrations, which could lead to higher toxicity to aquatic organisms. When stronger winds occur, however, the difference in toxic areas between use and non-use of dispersant is quite small.

The vertical distribution of plutonium 241Pu in marine sediments can assist in determining the deposition history and sedimentation process of analyzed regions. In addition, 241Pu/239+240Pu activity ratio could be used as a sensitive fingerprint for radioactive source identification. The present preliminary studies on vertical distribution of 241Pu in sediments from four regions of the southern Baltic Sea are presented. The distribution of 241Pu was not uniform and depended on sediment geomorphology and depth as well as location. The highest concentrations of plutonium were found in the surface layers of all analyzed sediments and originated from the Chernobyl accident.