This study aims to develop a comprehensive flood hazard map for effective hazard management in the Noa river basin, located in Assam, India, through the integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model. The MaxEnt machine learning algorithm was employed, utilizing eight selected geographic and environmental parameters as predictors to generate the flood hazard map. The accuracy of the generated map was evaluated using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) metric. Key findings of the study identified elevation and slope as critical parameters in the assessment of flood risk. Results revealed that the flood hazard map produced by the MaxEnt model achieved an AUC value of 0.85, indicating high predictive accuracy. The research underscores the significance of flood hazard maps as essential tools for policymakers, enabling the identification of areas vulnerable to severe environmental and economic damage. By providing a reliable and precise assessment of flood-prone zones, this study contributes valuable insights for the formulation of effective flood management strategies and mitigation measures. The implementation of such hazard maps is crucial in enhancing preparedness and resilience against flooding events, ultimately safeguarding lives, property, and infrastructure in the Noa River basin.

The port is a place for ships as sea transportation to dock. The port, as a place of entry and exit for goods or passengers from various regions, places, and environments, encourages the potential for disease transmission to a new environment. Pathogens present in the environment can directly contact the human body through air, touch, and transmission through food around areas with high mobilization. Therefore, this study aims to look at the results of hygiene observations and laboratory testing related to food, drinking water, and air samples at Galala Port, Ambon City. This study used descriptive research with a cross-sectional research design. From all parameter examination results, several examination results do not meet the standards such as food microbiology examination results (E. coli bacteria > 3.6MPN/gr), sanitation (walls and floors are not watertight), the presence of mosquito larvae (seven Aedes albopictus mosquito larvae), drinking water microbiology (total Coliforms 64 CFU.100 mL-1), and clean water microbiology (E. coli > 250 CFU. 100 mL-1 and total Coliforms 8 CFU.100 mL-1). Therefore, it can be concluded that the inspection of restaurants carried out at Galala port, Ambon City, is not appropriate and does not meet the standards according to the Minister of Health Decree number 942 of 2003.

Water plays a crucial role in the environment and in the process of liquefaction, which can occur during moderate to major earthquakes and cause significant structural damage. Liquefaction is defined as the transformation of granular material from a solid state to a liquid state, a process driven by increased pore water pressure and reduced effective stress within the soil. When an earthquake strikes, the shaking causes the pore water pressure between the sand grains to rise, which in turn reduces the contact forces between the grains. As a result, the sand loses its effective shear strength and starts to behave more like a fluid, leading to instability and potential collapse of structures built on such ground. Liquefaction can occur in moderate to major earthquakes, resulting in severe damage to structures. The transformation of granular material from a solid state to a liquid state due to increased pore pressure and reduced effective stress is defined as liquefaction. When this happens, the sand grains lose their effective shear strength and will behave more like a fluid. This phenomenon of dissolution of soil damages trees’ stability and disturbs the formation of the earth’s surface. Liquefaction resistance of soil depends on the initial state of soil to the state corresponding to failure. The liquefaction resistance can be evaluated based on tests on laboratory and in situ tests. For this research, liquefaction resistance using in-field tests based on SPT N values is attempted. Cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) is found based on the corrected N value. About 16 bore logs have been selected for the factor of safety calculation. The factor of safety for soil was arrived at by taking into account of corresponding corrected SPT N values. The liquefaction hazard map is prepared for the moment magnitude of 7.5-7.6 M w. It is also found that the areas close to water bodies and streams have the factor of safety less than unity. The bore log of locations having a factor of safety less than one indicates that up to a depth of about 6 m, very loose silty sand with clay and sand is present, which are defined as medium to fine sand having low field N values.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of industrial wastewater has drawn researchers’ attention due to biofuel’s recovery in the form of biomethane. This study introduced two anaerobic semi-continuous reactors (ASCR)- R1 and R2 for bioremediation of the rice mill wastewater (RMWW). The alkali treatment of the substrate in reactors R1 and R2 was done by dry NaOH and Ca(OH)2, respectively. Both reactors were loaded with 80% of the RMWW and 20% of the cow-dung-fed biogas plant sludge (BGPS) for 16 days of stabilization at mesophilic temperatures (18℃ to 42℃). A small amount of jaggery and white rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) were also added into both reactors for the bacterial growth and removal of the biorefractory organics (lignin and phenol) present in RMWW, respectively. The impact of variations in the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) upon the anaerobic biodegradation of RMWW was studied in three operating phases (OP) I, II, and III. The highest BOD, COD, lignin, and phenol removal achieved in reactors R1 and R2 were 94%, 92%, 84%, and 82%, as well as 93%, 91%, 82%, and 80%, respectively, in OP I. The highest biomethane yield in both reactors was 0.005 L.g-1 COD in OP II. The results of the three operating phases reveal that a high HRT and low OLR give the maximum pollutant removal efficiency and the highest biomethane yield. The novelty of this research paper is the significant removal of the biorefractory organics lignin and phenol from the RMWW with the help of white rot fungi and specific bacterial strains Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Actinomycetes sp. and Streptomycetes sp. present in the inoculum. The digestates from reactors were rich in macro and micronutrients viz., N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, etc., essential for plant growth.

Due to rapid industrial growth and the increased economic status of people, water sources across the globe are being significantly polluted with a wide array of effluents. Industrial, agronomic, and customary activities have led to the repeated infestation of water by discarded materials. Consequently, there is an urgent need for advanced technologies to effectively eradicate these impurities from wastewater. Among the various methods established for wastewater remediation, the adsorption process has gained remarkable significance due to its efficiency and effectiveness. The use of nano adsorbents (NADs) represents an emerging solution to these environmental issues. NADs possess exceptional physical and chemical characteristics, which enhance their applicability compared to traditional adsorbents. Their advanced grade, prominence, and excellence in various arenas make them a superior choice for wastewater treatment. Recent explorations have shown that NADs, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal and metal oxide nano adsorbents, have a pronounced and favorable impact on wastewater treatment. The focus of this review article is to provide current data and insights into the use of NADs for wastewater remediation. It aims to highlight the benefits of these novel materials and to discuss the potential areas for further improvement in this field. By exploring the latest advancements and applications of NADs, this review seeks to contribute to the ongoing efforts to address the critical issue of water pollution and to promote sustainable water management practices.

Nanotechnology has become one of the most active fields in the research area and is getting more attention toward nanoparticle synthesis. Green synthesis methods using various plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae were used to synthesize nanoparticles with proper requirements and maintain sterile conditions to get the desired products. Aloe vera, a bio-medicinal plant, contains a wide range of phytochemicals such as phenolic, hydroxyl groups, alkaloids, polyols, polysaccharides, etc, which act as reducing and capping agents with high efficiency. This review revealed that aloe vera-derived nanoparticles are safe, stable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly, and they also possess significant applications for drug targeting, disease resistance, tissue engineering, wound healing, anticancer, antibacterial, and cosmetic industries. Synthesized metal nanoparticles are characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and the Well-diffusion method. It is highly interesting to note that aloe vera-mediated silver and zinc nanoparticles possess high potency against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Here, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photocatalytic activity separately showed by aloe vera peel, gel, and leaf, along with possible challenging situations faced during plant extract-based nanoparticle synthesis, are highlighted. Additionally, the introduction of GMOs is subjected to play an important role in advancing green methods. However, more research is required to estimate the dose’s safety, degradation, and synergistic mechanism inside the human body for better use of the green method for the treatment of microbial infections.

The monsoon system in India plays a pivotal role in shaping the country’s climate. Recent studies have indicated that the increasing variability of monsoons is attributable to climate change, resulting in prolonged periods of drought and excessive rainfall. Understanding, analyzing, and forecasting monsoons is crucial for socioeconomic sustainability and communities’ overall well-being. Climate forecasts, which project future Earth climates typically up to 2100, rely on models such as the Couple Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). However, confidence in these forecasts remains low due to the limitations of global climate models, particularly in terms of capturing the intricacies of monsoon dynamics, notably from June to September. To address this issue, researchers have examined precipitation simulations under various future scenarios using both CMIP5 and the latest CMIP6 models. Evaluating the performance of these models from 1979 to 2014, particularly in simulating mean precipitation and temperature, has revealed improvements in multi-model ensembles (MME), highlighting advancements in monsoon characteristics. By comparing the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, researchers have identified the most reliable models for climate downscaling research, which can provide more accurate predictions of regional climate changes, thereby offering valuable insights for enhancing climate modeling in the Indian subcontinent.

High phosphate content in water causes eutrophication, leading to many risks to the aquatic environment and human health. This study used biochar derived from macadamia husks at the pyrolysis temperatures (300, 450, and 600℃) to remove P from water. Adsorption parameters such as initial pH, biochar dosage, initial P concentration, and adsorption time when biochar was exposed to the P solution were determined. The results show that pH 4 is optimal for P removal with biochar pyrolyzed at 300 and 450°C, while pH 6 gives biochar 600°C, biochar dosage 10 g.L−1, concentration Initial P 25-200 mg.L−1 and adsorption time 40 minutes for 3 types of biochar. The maximum P adsorption capacity is 20.07, 20.03, and 20.03 mg.L−1 corresponding to 3 forms of biochar 300, 450, and 600°C. P adsorption data were consistent with the Freundlich isotherm model for all three biochar forms. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was suitable for all three types of biochar, showing that the main adsorption mechanism is a surface chemical reaction. The study suggested that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in the adsorption of P onto biochar derived from macadamia husks. This study indicates that biochar derived from macadamia husks pyrolyzed at temperatures of 300, 450, and 600°C are all potentially effective and low-cost adsorbents for phosphate removal from water.

Effective treatment of industrial wastewater effluents before discharging them to the soil and water bodies has always been one of the paramount environmental concerns. The pollutants in untreated wastewater effluents have hazardous implications for human health and the ecosystem. Conventional physical and chemical processes of industrial wastewater treatment have many complications and they often fall short in the treatment of new and diverse varieties of pollutants. Several microbial strains in nature have shown their remediation property, but they possess limited efficiency in breaking down pollutants into non-toxic components. Synthetic biology is a perfect amalgam of two fields – biological science and engineering, and it has transformed our ways of understanding the functioning of complex biological systems. Researchers have reported that some engineered microbes can achieve remediation efficiency of up to 100% in specific pollutants such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons. For example, microbes like Pseudomonas veronii have been shown to reduce cadmium concentrations by up to 100%, and Pseudomonas putida has been shown to reduce phenol concentrations by 92%. Synthetic biology-based biosensors are also being developed for pollution monitoring and control of industrial wastewater. In this review, we discuss these advancements of synthetically engineered microorganisms in the treatment of industrial wastewater.

Community Health Centers are small-scale hospitals that serve community medicine in Indonesia. These activities generate wastewater containing various contaminants, such as pathogens, chemicals, and nutrients, which can pollute the environment and endanger human health. So, efforts are needed to reduce their impact through wastewater treatment. This research applies an anaerobic-aerobic biofilter system with Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology combined with activated carbon and chlorine in treating wastewater. The treatments in the study were different service capacities and wastewater treatment, with three replicates in each treatment. The residence time of wastewater in the system is 4 h. The results showed that combining MBBR technology, activated carbon, and chlorine could reduce temperature, TSS, pH, BOD5, COD, NH3, and Coliform values in wastewater in three Community Health Center services. Thus, it can be concluded that the different services and wastewater treatment efforts, combined with MBBR, activated charcoal, and chlorine, have been proven to affect and improve the quality of wastewater from the Community Health Center to meet the effluent quality standards.