This study was conducted to investigate the lifestyle of post-graduate students. The purpose of the present study was to find out opinion of the post-graduate students how significant are physical activities and healthy eating in their life. The study was initiated due to the growing knowledge of the importance of healthy food. The study was carried out by using empirical methods and the opinion of post-graduate students living in Latvia analysed. The authors have used questionnaire method and in February 2008 received answers from 86 respondents who are the post-graduate students of Latvia University of Agriculture (LLU). Studies showed that the biggest part of research subjects appreciates the importance of physical activities and healthy eating, and treats it as a positive part of the post-graduate studies process.

This paper discusses the usability of non-parametric knn (k-nearest neighbour) method to detect changes in forest areas from satellite images. Spot Xi images acquired 1999, main forest characteristics from field measured sample plots and data of conventional stand-wise forest inventory from the year 1988 were used to estimate the grids of following forest characteristics: mean age of main forest storey, diameter, basal area, height, volume per 1 ha, as well as the percentages of coniferous, soft and hard deciduous tree species. The differences of grids, created using stand-wise forest attributes from the 1988 inventory and estimated using the k-nearest neighbour methods were experimented to detect changes in the forest. 68.7-75.5% of areas, classified as the potential felling areas, were detected to be clear cut areas or young stands less than 15 years according to the data of stand-wise inventory of year 2003. Different settings for the methods investigated are evaluated, too.

Progeny testing of Scots pine in Latvia is carried out in only few locations, however, material from selections via seed orchards is deployed in various climatic and soil conditions, therefore concerns arise for influence of genotype environment interaction on levels of genetic gain. Problem is addressed based on 3 open pollinated progeny tests, consisting of 80 open pollinated families, located in 3 distant climatic regions in Latvia. Test age is 27 years, therefore not only growth, but also branch quality traits can be reliably analyzed. Strong genetic correlation (rb=0.80-0.94) among sites for tree height and diameter was found, but considerably weaker for branch traits like diameter of thickest branch (rb=0.52-0.67), average branch diameter, and sum of branch diameters (rb=0.41-0.49). Coefficients of additive genetic variation and coefficients of phenotypic variation among family means, determining potential of improvement via breeding, can be inflated by up to half, based on single site estimates for growth traits and double for quality traits. Backward selection based on results of several trials, in contrast to forward selection or utilization of single experiment results, could lead to improvement of branch traits close to the same as for growth traits (height and diameter). Single site narrow-sense heritability estimates for analyzed growth and quality traits are up to twice as large as across site estimates, indicating possibilities of serious bias in genetic gain estimates based on results from one test site. Testing at 4-5 sites for further breeding work is recommended.

Willows (Salix sp.) and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinecea L.) (RCG) are fast growing perennial energy crop and potential cultures for recovering of cutaway peat lands. Cut away peat land soils are characterized by high acidity (pHKCl 2-3), high NH4**+1, and lack of P and K. Wood ash could be good liming agent and resource of potassium. Waste water sewage sludge (WWSS) compost is effective fertilizer and source of phosphorus. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of application of WWSS compost and wood ash fertilizers of different doses on ingrown of willow cuttings and RCG in potted cultures. The wood ash addition of 10 g lE-1 and 20 g lE-1 to WWSS compost mix with peat from used query in proportions 1:1 and 4:1 were tested. The length of shoots and dry mass of shoots and roots were assessed to determine the effect of fertilization on growth of crops. Chemical analyses of growing media were performed to determine the content of main nutrient elements and pHKCl changes during season. The positive effect of fertilization on growth of crops was observed - an optimum dose for willows is (10 g lE-1) equivalent to 10 tDM haE-1 wood ash with mix of WWSS compost with peat. RCG produces more biomass in growing media containing largest doses of wood ash and WWSS compost premix. The willows produced bigger amount of biomass and accumulated more nutrients from growing media than RCG.

In forest harvesting process, a logging company and a forest landowner who have various goals concerning forest stands purchase value are involved. The logging company wants to maximize the profit on lower price, but forest landowner - to extract maximum income. Calculating the forest stands value prior to harvesting it is possible to achieve mutually acceptable price. This article describes question statement and primary research of prior calculated and harvested volume difference for further study of forest stands purchase value algorithm optimization. Harvested volume from feed-back data and prior calculated forest stands volume were compared to obtain the difference and understand the economical importance for optimization of harvesting sites maximal value calculation algorithm. For primary study, forest stands prior harvesting calculation model from the logging company was used. Results from prior harvesting calculations were compared with data after harvesting to achieve information about the precision of calculation model. Obtained results showed significant difference between prior calculated and harvested volumes, which in financial matter cause losses to the logging company. Compared to total harvested volume, negative cutting difference was 7% from volume, which in financial terms with annual harvesting of 1 million m**3 make loss of ~2.3 million euro.

The article presents the part of PhD studies of the energy wood harvesting technologies in thinning, and its development possibilities. A possibility for energy wood procurement and use in Latvia as a good amount of not used energy, including estimation of how much wood for energy purposes could be available in Latvia is analyzed. Research has been made in two parts using forest stands cutting area in three different ages to get an average volume of energy wood per ha. First part of the research has been done in a 60 years old forest stand cutting area in the way that total chips volume is measured and then recalculated to the thinning area. The average volume from studied forest stand was 20.32 m**3 haE-1. The second part of the study shows that from 30 till 45 years old forest stands cutting area by the measuring possible removal tress, the energy wood volume could be 23.74 – 33.5 m**3 haE-1. Including the slash from this forest stands cutting area the possible volume of wood for energy purposes could be ~ 33 – 47 m**3 haE-1. The calculations also have been done to study available energy wood resources from whole forest stands thinning area. Totally the available energy wood volume in Latvian conditions is 0.85 million m3 yrE-1.

The human influence on hydrological cycle has created many surface problems in the Riga city. Rainfall amount increases year after year as a result of global warming and bad water exchange. Solid covering of squares and greened areas is one of the most significant results of urban development causing larger rainwater runoff from the territories and calling for the necessity to drain rain water rapidly in a short time. This phenomenon is observed in the last years due to the fast construction development and simultaneous expansion and improvement of streets and court yards. The main problem matter is the still existing old sewage co-system which encounters difficulties to work with full capacity during long term rainfall. Thus justifiable steps have to be taken in order to discover new engineering solutions to prevent overflow of streets in Riga during rains. To enquire into the matter, rain intensity in Riga, influence of rainwater on streets, overflowing of collectors, and operation of pumping stations are studied in this paper. Rain intensity measurements during 1980-2006 in Riga have been aggregated. As acquired data shows, maximum rain intensity was observed on July 30 of 2005 when the rainfall was 49.4 mm during a 3-hour time, which caused overflowing of some streets, collectors, and pumping stations. Data on local and main pumping stations at the right bank of the river Daugava during various rainfalls suggest that pumping stations start to overflow during enduring rainfalls, 1-3 hours long and with average intensity of 0.1-0.4 mm minE-1 (Ziemelnieks, Tilgalis, 2008). Data gathered indicate, that it is necessary to separate sewage systems for everyday necessities from those for rainwater.

The article presents hydraulic conductivity modelling results of the some regulated Southeast Lithuanian streams overgrown with woody vegetation. Possibilities to plan naturalization of the regulated streams are also presented in the article. The research of woody vegetation was carried out in the Neris river basin within the period of 2006 to 2007. Having evaluated the influence of hydraulic roughness (Manning coefficient of roughness) on hydraulic conductivity of the rivers Nemėža and Ž-2 streams it was established that the density of woody vegetation in the investigated section varied from 0.01 to 0.68 units m-2 in Nemėza stream and from 0.17 to 3.12 units mE-2 in Ž-2 stream. At the existing density of woody vegetation the hydraulic roughness coefficient n established by hydraulic calculations reached in 0.025–0.045 in Nemėža stream and 0.033–0.053 in Ž-2 stream. Under present hydraulic roughness coefficient assessed by natural investigations in all investigated streams sections, when spring flood discharge probability is 10%, water overflow indicator is positive; the water depth in the bed (zv) of the natural reaches was lower than the depth of a regulated stream (hG). The reserve of hydraulic conductivity in the investigated Nemėža stream section is lost when roughness coefficient reaches the limit of 0.080, in Ž-2 stream 0.060. When roughness coefficient reaches 0.170, water overflowing indicator is negative in all investigated sections of the streams.

Constructed wetland (CW) treatment systems are engineered systems designed to treat wastewater with the usage of the same processes that occur in natural wetlands. The full-scale investigations of free water flow surface filters (FWF), subsurface flow filters, including filters of vertical flow (SVF) and horizontal flow (SHF) were carried out in Lithuania. The investigations’ database collected within the study period of 1995-2007 was used for the estimation of phosphorus removal efficiency of different constructed wetlands. It was established that phosphorus removal efficiency depends on construction of filters and the load according to total phosphorus for the area unit of filter surface. Subsurface flow filters are distinguished by better phosphorus removal. At the same load of all filters, i.e., total phosphorus of 0.3 g mE-2 dE-1, the removal efficiency of subsurface flow horizontal, vertical, and free water flow filters reaches 53.0, 46.5 and 28.0%, respectively. The wastewater contains phosphorus in mineral and organic forms. Due to the aerobic conditions in filters of vertical flow, the amount of organic phosphorus removed by SVF is 3 times greater than in horizontal filters. Organic phosphorus in wastewater before the treatment by vertical filters constituted 27% of total P, and after the treatment 21%. In wastewater treated by horizontal filters this ratio was 21% and 31%, respectively.

Highly polluted wastewater accumulates in milk collection stations. Its biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) ranges from 369 to 1388 mg O2 lE-1. The average contamination was 600 mg O2 lE-1. There was a comparatively small amount of biogenic materials in it: total nitrogen – 27.3, total phosphorus – 5.0 mg lE-1. When variations of wastewater amounts are high, sand filters of vertical filtration are successfully used for the treatment of household wastewater. Model investigations were carried out to establish the possibilities of using these filters in treating wastewater in milk collection stations. The efficiency of wastewater treatment with these filters was 99.3% by BOD5, 99.1% – by suspended solids, 91.2% – by total nitrogen and 98.8% – by total phosphorus. According to the research results dependency equations were made; they were used to calculate the amount of main contaminants in milk collection stations that infiltrated through a layer of silt of diff rent thickness. The calculations showed that wastewater treatment to permissible limits is ensured by filtration through 0.6 m thick layer of sand. The average treatment level by BOD5 in such a filter of vertical filtration would be 20 mg O2 lE-1 and the treatment efficiency – 95.9%. Treatment efficiency of total nitrogen would be 88.1%, total phosphorus – 96.9, suspended solids – 95.5%. Preliminary research in the model showed that sand filters of vertical filtration can be used to treat wastewater from milk collection stations.