In the recent decades, the effect of dry climate of Iran is due to expanding desertification in this country. The countryside of Kerman has selected for this survey. For investigating of amount of deserts generation around this city after geometric and radiometric studying، the image of Landsat ETM + 2009 and aerial photos at a scale of 1: 5000, preparing of basic maps of earth and vegetation covers maps. To estimate of the severity level of desertification in Kerman, The indicator of Urban and industrial development based on IMDPA , that including density of roads and mines, amount of green space and changing to pasture and forest land. After that giving score to this parameters did upon its affect for destroying and desertification.Finally, in GIS software, with using analytic functions required based on IMDPA. Land area were classified in terms of desertification. The results show that the effects of desertification land in Kerman city can be classified to three section، critical , medium and low.

Spatial justice with scientific and humanitarian teachings, cause the weaknesses and strengths in different areas. Since most of the allocation and distribution of national and regional resources in the country through focused planning, The present study is an analysis of spatial justice of rural services in the Isfahan province. The research method is descriptive and analytic. The required data were collected through documents. This study, using the 8 Rural Services measures consists of 77 variables was performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel. Validity of measures confirms using factor analysis and then used as input to numerical taxonomy technic. The obtained results using the GIS software were designed as a map and charts. In this research counties were divided into three groups in terms of distribution of rural services. The results indicated that there is inequality in the distribution of services and showed that rural services are not distributed fairly in the counties of Isfahan province. In other words, in the sparsely populated areas, focused service centers and in more densely populated areas, the lack of service evident. And for rural service delivery in the Isfahan province not pay any attention to important factors such as population.

The occurrence of natural and human disasters can create heavy casualties in cities and urban areas and such a critical issue makes it inevitable to pay a great deal of attention to the vulnerability and safety aspects of cities and the accessibility to the urban welfare standards from the perspective of passive defense. The geostrategic location of Koohdasht city in Iran and its vulnerability against medium risk earthquakes as well as the strategic defensive role of the city in western parts of the country highlights the vital importance of vulnerability against earthquakes in Koohdasht city. This is a descriptive analytical research with a theoretical- applied essence. In order to achieve to the objectives of the survey, the critical and sensitive uses were identified based on the existing references and the spatial data bank was extracted using Delphi method and based on a survey consisted of 20 pundits. On the other hand, the principle of adjacency was taken into account. Based on the effectiveness of various indicators the combined model of FAHP-GIS was utilized to design the location model and the final raster of the vulnerability of urban infrastructures was provided using Arc GIS software and Spatial Analysis tools through the application of fuzzy overlay functions. The results of the study indicated that about 68 percent of the city infrastructures by meeting the conditions of adjacency between 0.29-0.55 and the vulnerability in the range of 0.45-0.71 fell in the high vulnerability zone.

Creating and preserving large patches in land use configuration and satisfying compactness and contiguity in land use configuration are nature-prescribed and nature-inspired criteria that can be used in land use planning better that before. Accompanying compactness and contiguity as the important landscape metrics in land use planning and land use configuration is close to applying proactive approaches rather than assessing the intense of Human activities' impacts on environment after its altering. To explain how to introduce compactness and contiguity to a land use configuration study, we assume the study area as a matrix that every cell or pixel of the matrix has the color or value that shows the type of land use. In this situation, the compact configuration will be made if the same color or value pixels are located adjacent to each other. With respect to this premise we defined some equations to achieve compactness and contiguity in land use configuration. Finally, we tested the equations in applied case of land use planning in a part of Gorgan Township. We applied hybrid of linear programming and ant colony algorithms for testing suggested method. The results show that the method can be succeeded in achieving these criteria.