To investigate the virus infections of sour and sweet cherries, various locations of Niğde province were examined during 2017. Ninety sweet and sour cherry leaf samples showing suspicious virus symptoms were collected and screened with virus-specific primers: Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1), Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prune necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), Plum bark necrotic stem pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV), Cherry twisted leaf virus (CTLV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2), Cherry rusty leaf virus (CRLV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Based on RT-PCR analysis, no amplification was observed except LChV1 amplifications, dsRNA analysis resulted in one suspicious profile. To validate those results, more sensitive TaqMan Real-Time PCR analysis and sequence analysis were conducted and LChV1 was detected on 7 samples. It can be concluded that only a low quantity of LChV1 infections was observed on some of the screened cherry samples.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the workable days in agriculture using meteorological parameters, and a databank was formed obtaining the inputs from all weather stations in Central Anatolia Region, which cover a 20-year period, from 1986 to 2006. Running a mathematical model in a computer software specifically designed for this purpose, the data of this databank were exploited to calculate the workable days on a land for soil treatment, crop care and harvest for any given region and to show these data with graphs on monthly or yearly basis. This software may help to use time more economically and reduce the system costs directly or indirectly. Moreover, the data collected are quite necessary to prepare some national or local charts and graphs related to the general distribution of various climate factors.

Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Verticillium, Armillaria ve Rosellinia gibi toprak kökenli bitki patojeni funguslar, birçok bahçe ve tarla ürününde bitki ölümlerine ve verim kayıplarına sebep olan kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarına neden olmaktadır. Kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarının kontrolünde dayanıklı çeşit kullanımı, ürün rotasyonu, solarizasyon, fungisit uygulamaları ve toprak fumigasyonu gibi çeşitli mücadele yöntemleri uygulanmaktadır. Metil bromide ve kloropikrin gibi fumigantlarla yapılan toprak fumigasyonu toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolü için kullanılan en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Ancak bu kimyasalların çevre ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkilerinden dolayı dünyada ve ülkemizde kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Bu nedenle, yeterli hastalık kontrolü sağlayan ve ticari fungisitlerle rekabet edebilen alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Biofumigasyon kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif yöntemler arasında değerlendirilmekte nematodlar, yabancı otlar ve bazı fungusların neden olduğu hastalıkların mücadelesinde oldukça etkili olup, entegre mücadelenin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde örtücü bitkiler, organik gübre ve biyokatı atıklar biyofumigant olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde biyofumigasyon uygulamaları ve biyofumigantların funguslar üzerindeki etki şekilleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Bu çalışma ile Niğde ve Karaman illerindeki çiftçilerin tarımsal kredi kullanım kararlarını etkileyen faktörler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri, 67 çiftçiden yüz yüze anket yöntemi ile elde edilerek, Probit yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen araştırma sonuçlarına göre, araştırma bölgesinde kredi kullanımı üzerine çiftçilerin eğitim düzeyi, hane genişliği ve ikamet durumu değişkenleri negatif, traktör varlığı değişkeni ise pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Elde edilen modelin uyum iyiliği hakkında bilgi veren R2 değeri 0,209 olup, Akaike bilgi kriteri ise 1,321 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bölgede krediye erişimde uygun koşullarda kredi kullanımında düzenlemelere ihtiyaç olduğu ve bu konuda yapılacak düzenlemelerin bölgedeki tarımsal üretimin devamlılığında katkı sağlayacağı açıktır.

An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed from in vitro germinated seeds of Petunia hybrida an ornamentally important plant in the family Solanaceae. Shoot tip and node explants of Petunia hybrida were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of Benzyl amino purine (BAP), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3). The highest shoot length was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l NAA. The highest shoot number (3 shoots/explant) were obtained from MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IBA. The isolated shoots were transferred to MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of GA3 ranging from 0.05, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l for shoot elongation. The highest shoot length (5.75 cm) was recorded from the MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l GA3 +0.2 mg/l BAP. Rooting of regenerated shoots were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.1-1 mg/1 IBA and NAA. The regenerated shoots with well developed roots were successfully acclimatized and established in pots containing sterilized peat moss and grown under laboratory conditions with 70% survival rates.

Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.

Pectin is a polysaccharide found naturally in the cell walls of plants. Pectin is included in the formulation of many foods due to its functional properties. The interaction of pectin with other ingredients in foods is very important because it affects the appearance, texture and emulsion stability of the final product. With the structural arrangements provided by pectin, different hardness confectionery products, reduced fat absorption products, acidified milk beverages etc. can be produced. In this review, the pectin interactions with protein, sugar, starch and other food components and their technological applications; interactions of lipids with pectin in the body for human health; fruit and vegetable canned process with calcium interaction is mentioned.

A single specimen of the rudderfish (Centrolophus niger Gmelin, 1789) was caught using the handline by fishermen on 14 April 2016 in İbrice Bight (Saroz Bay). This paper represents the first record of C. niger for Saroz Bay.

This study was conducted to evaluate the muscles of the brisket region of the Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) bulls in different ages subjected to different housing conditions and feeding style, and to determine the relationships among carcass traits, meat colour parameters and carcass measurements. Totally 25 bulls between 15 and 24 m of age were allocated to five groups (G1,G2,G3,G4,G5) according to feeding type, housing condition and age. The bulls were weighed fourteen days apart, feed consumption measurements were taken every morning, and slaughtered after 130 days of fattening. The differences were significant among G1-G3 for pelvic fat, total groups for conformation, among G1,G2-G3,G4,G5 for marbling, among G1,G2,G3-G4,G5 for LD area, among G1-G3,G5 for degree of fatten, among G1,G5-G2 for fat thickness over (LD) Longissimus Dorsi. The differences were significant in terms of meat colour parameters such as lightness (L*) in G1,G2,G3-G4,G5 and hue value (H*) in G1-G2,G3,G4,G5. Also, the differences among the groups are significant in terms of carcass length and width of the round. The correlation coefficients of carcass characteristic, colour score and conformation are negative with lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). Degree fatten had a positive correlation with marbling score. Conformation were positively correlated with carcass length. Carcass ribeye area and L* showed a more desirable result in the G4 and G5 groups compared to other groups. Assessing the accumulated data of carcass traits with carcass components including carcass measurement during the slaughter or later phases of slaughter, it may be possible to use as a marker for the determining beef quality in EAR bulls.

This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Fe) in Solen marginatus (Pulteney, 1799) and sediments in the middle region of Izmir Bay. Metal concentrations in S. marginatus vary in the one-year period between summer 2005 and summer 2006. The order of accumulation of metal concentrates in soft tissue of razor clam was determined as Cd < Pb < Cr< Cu < Zn < Fe. Metal accumulations in the soft tissue of S. marginatus were compared with Provisional Tolerable Weakly Intakes (PTWI) and Provisional Tolerable Daily Intakes (PTDI) for human consumption. The results show that the maximum concentrations of metals were markedly below the limits of the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), WHO (World Health Organization) and TFC (Turkish Food Codex) for human consumption. The order of the metal concentrations detected in the sediment samples was Cd < Pb < Cu< Cr < Zn < Fe. In this study, the maximum heavy metal values determined in the sediment are below the criteria values of the stated for international sediment quality guidelines in the NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), OMEE (The Ministry of Environment and Energy of Ontario), ANZECC (The Australia and New Zealand Environmental on Conservation Council), CCME (The Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment). There was a statistically significant but weak correlation between concentrations of Cu and Cr in sediment and S. marginatus. The significant correlations have shown that Solen species can be used as a bioindicator species, such as mussels due to their ability to accumulate heavy metals.