Saffron is composed of four active major ingredients name Crocin-I, Crocin-II Picrocrocin and Safranal. Crocin’s are related to produce golden red color whereas picrocrocin and safranal are responsible for the taste and aroma. Spectrophotometric analysis of saffron is available but methodology of HPLC analysis is not readily available for quality checking of saffron. In this study each component of saffron was identified and analyzed by HPLC for better quality assessment. Methods: 200 ppm of saffron sample was prepared in 50% methanol and filtrated through 0.22 µm syringe filter. Crocin I and II were determined at 440 nm where methanol:0.1% phosphoric acid (55:45) was used as mobile phase. Picrocrocin was determined at 257 nm and mixture of acetonitrile:water (13:87) was used as mobile phase. Determination of safranal was done at 330 nm where gradient mixture of acetonitrile, phosphoric acid and water was used as mobile phase. Separations were done by using C18 250×4.6, 5 µm HPLC columns and injection volume was 20 uL. Column temperature was set at 25°C. Result: According to ISO 3632 protocols crocin concentration of saffron samples was found 246.00 picrocrocin was found 98.48 and safranal was found 41.965 which belongs to grade I, whereas in HPLC analysis crocin I was found 24.256 mg/g, crocin II was found 9.825 mg/g, picrocrocin was found 32.295 mg/g and safranal was found 0.512 mg/g. Conclusion: HPLC is the most suitable analytical techniques used for qualitative and quantitative determination of different chemical constituents, mixtures of organic components and biological extracts etc. HPLC will be the most suitable and alternative analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative estimation of saffron constituents.

This research was conducted to determine the rooting and shoot performances of 1000 ppm IAA, IBA and NAA applications applied to cuttings in some fig cultivars. Bardacık, Bursa Siyahı and Sarılop fig cultivars were used in the research. In the variety x application interaction, the highest rooting rate occurred in Sarılop-NAA, root number in Bardacık-IBA and root length in Bursa Siyahı IBA applications. It was determined that shoot development showed the best performance in Bursa Siyahı variety with NAA application. Correlation analysis determined that cutting length and diameter significantly affected shoot development and that the longest and widest cuttings formed the most extended and thickest shoots. While IAA showed the best rooting rate performance, NAA showed the best root number and shoot length performance, and IBA showed the best root length and shoot diameter performance.

This study examined the contaminated frozen poultry products (FPPs) recall decision and preventive management strategies in retail outlets in North Central Nigeria. It specifically, described the socioeconomic characteristics of the FPPs retail outlets in the study area, identified the existing management strategies employed by retailers in preventing FPPs recalls in the outlets in the study area, examined the factors influencing product recall decisions in FPPs retail outlets in the study area, and identified the challenges hindering FPPs retail outlets from implementing effective meat safety measures to prevent product recalls in the study area. A multistage sampling method was utilized to select 202 FPP retailers. To address the specific objectives, both descriptive statistics and logit regression analysis were applied. The findings revealed that most FPP retail outlets in the study area were operated by married men, aged between 21 and 40 years, with an average of around 11 years of retailing experience. The findings also indicated that packaging poultry products before freezing is the most commonly used management strategy by retailers to prevent FPP recalls in the study area. The analysis showed that the source of FPPs (P<0.01) and the total number of FPPs purchased per month (P>0.05) had a positive impact on product recall decisions in frozen poultry retail outlets. Consequently, the study concludes that there is a significant relationship between the management strategies of FPP retailers and product recall occurrences. It recommends that the government and relevant agencies provide educational resources and conduct awareness campaigns to encourage retailers to adopt effective management strategies, such as packaging poultry products before freezing, proper labeling, and fridge segmentation.

Meyve ve sebzelerin kurutularak dayandırılmaları yöntemi, etkili ve ucuz olduğu için yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Kavun (Cucumis melo L.) dünya çapında en önemli meyvelerden biri olup değişik kullanımlara sahip olan farklı kavun formları bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkmenistan’da yetiştirilen farklı kavun çeşitlerinin (Kokcha, Obinovvot, Oqurug’, Shekerpalak) kurutulması sonrasında kalitelerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Her çeşide ait meyveler tam olum döneminde hasat edildikten sonra kabukları soyularak dilimler haline getirilmiş ve iplere asılarak bu meyve dilimleri geleneksel olarak güneşte kurutulmuştur. Kuru kavun meyvelerinin renkleri çeşitlere göre belirgin farklılıklar göstermiştir. Shekerpalak kuru kavunun meyvelerinde L*, a*, b* ve C* değerleri en yüksek, Kokcha ve Oqurug’ kuru kavunlarında ise en düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. En yüksek toplam fenol miktarı Oqurug’ çeşidinde (497,0 mg GAE/100 g), en yüksek antioksidan aktivitesi Oqurug’ ve Kokcha çeşitlerinde sırasıyla 13,76 ve 11,43 μmol TE/g olarak saptanmıştır. Kuru kavun meyvelerinin fruktoz ve toplam şeker miktarı Obinovvot, glikoz miktarı Shekerpalak ve Obinovvot, sakkaroz miktarı Oqurug’ çeşitlerinde en yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Shekerpalak kuru kavun meyvelerinin görünüş ve genel beğeni puanı daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Kuru kavun meyvelerinin su miktarı, sertlik, SÇKM miktarı, tat-aroma ve tekstür puanlarına çeşitlerin etkisi sınırlı olmuştur. Sonuç olarak kavun çeşitlerin kurutulmuş kavun meyvelerinin rengi, toplam fenol miktarı, antioksidan aktivitesi, şeker bileşimi, görünüş ve beğeni puanlarını etkilediği saptanmıştır.

Since advantageous properties such as fast growth rate, tolerance to severe water conditions, flesh quality, variations in feeding and high reproductive performances in different habitats, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) become a popular cultured fish species all over the world. Even though its worldwide popularity in aquaculture, some ecological conflicts on distribution of Nile tilapia in nature has been debated in many countries like Türkiye, describing as an invasive species. The present study aims to present how osmolality and pH affect sperm activation in Nile tilapia in terms of sperm motility and velocity as well as duration of motility at 12th and 300th seconds post-activation. For this purpose, two successive experiments have been carried out. Firstly, spermatozoa motility was activated both ionic (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaHCO3) and non-ionic (glucose, urea, and glycine) solutions at 300, 250, 150, 100, and 50 mOsmol/kg. Additionally, motility was also activated by distilled water. Secondly, the role of pH on triggering sperm motility was determined by diluting spermatozoa in NaCl-based activating medium at pH levels ranged from 6 to 10. Spermatozoa showed the highest motility parameters when they were activated in NaCl and NaHCO3 as ionic solutions and glucose as a non-ionic medium at 100 mOsmol/kg. Sperm motility and velocity were found 96±2% and 91±5 μm/s at 12th s and 64±4 % and 52±4 μm/s at 300th s respectively while duration of motility was determined as 1117±53 s (18’37’’±53’’) in NaCl at 100 mOsmol/kg. The results represented that initiation of Nile tilapia motility is directly activated by a hypo-osmotic shock induced by both ionic and non-ionic media, however, contents of the media induced significant differences in motility parameters. Moreover, it has also demonstrated that Nile tilapia spermatozoa can be activated in a wide range of pH including acidic pH values. Consequently, these findings on sperm motility properties of Nile tilapia contribute essential information not only for aquaculture practice, but also for researchers interested in ecological distribution of the species.

Bu çalışma rasyonun riboflavin ile zenginleştirilmesinin damızlık bıldırcınlarda performansa, yumurta kalitesine ve kuluçka parametrelerine etkisini belirlemek için yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla on haftalık yaştaki 80 dişi ve 40 erkek (toplam 120 adet) bıldırcın 0, 2, 4 ve 8 mg/kg riboflavin ilave edilmiş rasyonlar ile on hafta boyunca yemlenmişlerdir. Her bir muamele grubu, her birinde 6 bıldırcın (2 erkek, 4 dişi) bulunan 5 tekerrürden oluşturulmuştur.  Rasyona riboflavin ilavesinin erkek bıldırcınların canlı ağırlığına, yumurta verimine, yemden yararlanma oranına, yumurta kalite parametrelerine ve kuluçka parametrelerine etkisi olmamıştır. Rasyona riboflavin ilavesi dişi bıldırcınların canlı ağırlıklarının ve ortalama canlı ağırlıkları önemli derecede arttırmıştır. İlaveten yumurta ağırlığı, yumurta kitlesi ve yem tüketimi rasyona riboflavin ilavesi ile artmıştır. Yumurta kabuk oranı riboflavin ilavesinden quadratik etkilenmiş ve 4 mg/kg riboflavin ilavesinde minimum olurken, 8 mg/kg seviyesinde maksimum olmuştur. Bu çalışma sonuçlarına göre damızlık bıldırcın rasyonlarına ilave riboflavinin yumurta kalitesini ve kuluçkayı etkilemediği, ancak performans parametrelerini iyileştirmede etkili olduğu görülmüştür.

Alzhemier hastalığı özellikle yaşlı popülasyonu etkilemekte olup geçtikçe de prevelansı yükselmektedir. Tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlarında alzhemierı tedavi etmek yerine baskılamak için kullanılması ile birlikte yan etkilerinin fazla olması sebebiyle doğal terapötik hedeflerin alzhemier tedavisindeki yerinin araştırılması halen önemli bir durumdadır. Bu çalışma da, Trifolium repens L. ekstresinin antioksidan ve antikolinesteraz özelliklerinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Bu çalışmada T. repens ekstraktı maserasyon yöntemiyle methanol çözgeni ile yapıldı. Trifolium repens ekstraktında antioksidan aktivite için DPPH radikal süpürme testi uygulandı. Antikolinesteraz yöntemi de spektrofotometrik olarak literature uyumlu olaarak tayin edildi. T. repens ekstresinin DPPH radikal süpürme testi sonucuna göre serbest radikalleri güçlü bir şekilde etkileyeceği antioksidan gücünün fazla olduğu belirlendi. T. repens ekstraktının antikolinesteraz enzim inhibisyon sonucu ise takrin bileşiği ile kıyaslandı. T. repens ekstraktının orta güçlükte antikolinesteraz enzim inhibisyonu vardı. Özetle T. repens ekstraktının iyi antioksidan gücü ve orta düzeyde antikolinesteraz etkisi umut vadedeci olduğu ancak in vitro ve in vivo çalışmalar ile desteklenmesi daha uygun olacağını düşündürmektedir.

This study investigates the essential oil composition of Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh., a perennial Apiaceae species traditionally used for its aromatic and medicinal properties, with a focus on the characterization of its chemical profile under cultivation. Essential oils were extracted via hydrodistillation from the fruits, stems, leaves, and rhizomes of cultivated L. trilobum, followed by compositional analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The fruit essential oil ratios of the L. trilobum species were determined in the fruits, leaves, stems, and rhizomes, respectively 8.55%, 0.03%,0.05% and 1.07%.  Fruit oils were rich in monoterpenes, particularly perillaldehyde (40.75%) and limonene (38.83%). Stems and leaves were dominated by the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (93.41% and 64.95%, respectively), while rhizome oil was characterized by α-pinene (63.00%) and β-pinene (9.98%). Climatic conditions during the cultivation period, particularly warm temperatures and timely precipitation during flowering and fruiting stages, likely contributed to the observed high levels of key bioactive compounds. These findings provide new reference data for the essential oil profiles of L. trilobum cultivated under controlled conditions in Türkiye a and offer insight into volatile compound production across different plant parts. The data may serve as a basis for future investigations into potential commercial, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical uses.

Bu çalışma; Şanlıurfa ekolojik koşullarında ikinci ürün olarak yetiştirilen yedi farklı Sorgum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotiplerin bazı morfolojik ve tarımsal özelliklerinden kuru otta ham protein oranı (%), kuru otta ADF ve NDF oranları (%) ile nispi yem değerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Osmanbey Yerleşkesi, Tarımsal Araştırma ve Uygulama Alanı, 2021 yaz yetiştirme sezonunda, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre sorgum genotiplerinin ham protein oranı %8,74-12,75, ADF oranı %26,81-32,60, NDF oranı %46,37-57,16 ve NYD ise 104,89-136,30 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Şanlıurfa ili ve benzer ekolojik koşullarda kaba yem açığının kapatılması ile tarım arazilerimizin daha etkili kullanımına olanak sağlayabilecek verim ve kalite bakımından daha yüksek bir potansiyele sahip olan EA-311 genotipi tavsiye edilmektedir.

Maize (Zea mays L.), the second principal cereal crop in Nepal, faces severe yield constraints due to biotic stressors, notably banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB), a fungal pathogen incited by Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii. This disease manifests devastating yield losses, quantified between 11% to potentially 100% failure under optimal environmental conditions. Host resistance constitutes a cornerstone of integrated disease management (IDM) strategies to ensure agricultural sustainability. In this study, 120 maize genotypes were subjected to artificial inoculation under controlled epiphytotic conditions at the National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Chitwan, to delineate genetic resources conferring resistance to BLSB. Inoculation was administered at the knee-high stage, followed by systematic evaluation of disease incidence percentage (PDI), percent disease severity (PDS), Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and grain yield. Twenty genotypes demonstrated superior resistance profiles, exhibiting mean PDI (40%), PDS (19%), and AUDPC (468), alongside a mean grain yield of 3.91 t/ha. Linear regression analysis elucidated that AUDPC accounted for 97% of the phenotypic variance in grain yield (R² = 0.97), underscoring a significant inverse correlation. These genotypes represent novel genetic reservoirs for introgression into elite cultivars, advancing the development of BLSB-resistant maize hybrids to mitigate yield losses in Nepal’s agroecosystems.