The present study was conducted to determine some environmental factors affecting birth weight, weaning weight and daily live weight gain of Holstein calves of a livestock facility in Izmir, Turkey. The data on 2091 calves born between the years 2005-2010 were used to assess the relevant parameters. Effects of calving year, calving month, calf gender and the interaction between calving year and calving month on calves’ birth weights were highly significant. The overall mean of birth weights was 39.6±0.15 kg. In addition, effects of calving year, calving month, gender, birth weight, weaning age, calving year x calving month, calving year x gender and calving year x calving month x gender interactions on weaning weight (WW) and daily live weight gain (DLWG) were highly significant. The overall means of WW and DLWG were respectively found to be 79.7±0.20 kg and 525±2.5 g. A one kilogram increase in birth weight resulted in an increase of 0.89 kg in weaning weight and a decrease of 1.26 g in daily live weight gain. Prenatal temperature-humidity index (THI) affected birth weight of calves (R2=0.67). Increasing THI from 50 to 80 resulted in 3.8 kg decrease in birth weight.

The aim of the study is to assess the results of managing production resources in farms focused on animal production, which were covered by agricultural accounting in the FADN system in 2016. The analysis covered the production and economic results as well as the productivity and profitability of land, labor and capital resources of farms focused on dairy cattle, swine and slaughter cattle, sheep and goats. The results of the researched farms presented in the study point to a significantly higher level of production and economic results as well as resource management efficiency in pig farms, especially in relation to farms keeping cattle for slaughter, sheep and goats, which resulted from their larger scale and intensity of production. Farms specializing in slaughter of cattle, sheep and goats obtained a negative economic result, therefore subsidies for the operation of such farms were conditioned by their positive final result and economic efficiency of resource management. / Synopsis. Celem opracowania jest ocena wyników gospodarowania zasobami produkcyjnymi w gospodarstwach nastawionych na produkcję zwierzęcą, które były objęte rachunkowością rolną w systemie FADN w 2016 roku. Analizie poddano wyniki produkcyjne i ekonomiczne oraz produktywność i dochodowość zasobów ziemi, pracy i kapitału gospodarstw nastawionych na chów bydła mlecznego, trzody chlewnej oraz bydła rzeźnego, owiec i kóz. Zaprezentowane w opracowaniu wyniki badanych gospodarstw wskazują na znacznie wyższy poziom wyników produkcyjnych i ekonomicznych oraz efektywności gospodarowania zasobami w gospodarstwach trzodowych, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do gospodarstw prowadzących chów bydła rzeźnego, owiec i kóz, co wynikało z ich większej skali i intensywności produkcji. Gospodarstwa specjalizujących się w chowie bydła rzeźnego, owiec i kóz uzyskały ujemny wynik ekonomiczny, dlatego dopłaty do działalności tego typu gospodarstw warunkowały ich dodatni wynik końcowy oraz efektywność ekonomiczną gospodarowania zasobami.

In Afghanistan food safety is managed by several ministries including Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Commerce and municipalities. There is no food law but multiple ministerial decrees which ensure if GMP is implemented well. There is no legal requirement to get food safety certification. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) is recognized as a key part of food safety management practice in the global food industry and can be applied at any stage of the food supply chain. This article discusses accepted approaches to the application of HACCP principles for the development, implementation, and maintenance of HACCP plan. It is intended as an introduction to food safety system in Afghanistan, giving propositions to government on how to apply the principles in a stepwise approach, and showing how HACCP benefit public and private sector and also suggesting ways how to adapt this approach in the food businesses.

The need to ensure energy security, decouple energy production from fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emission are driving the use of renewable energy sources. The purpose of the study is to assess the energy potential of agricultural crops biomass and to indicate its potential for electricity and heat production. The data from the Agricultural Census 2010 were used for analyses. On the basis of the detailed analysis of the changes in agricultural production in the years 2010-2015 the data has been updated. Is was assumed that the changes in communes were similar to those in voivodships. The energy potential of the crop biomass was estimated taking into account surpluses of straw, hay and perennial energy crops biomass. The study shows that energy potential of the biomass without jeopardizing food production amounts at 305,8 thousand TJ per year. / Synopsis. Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego, uniezależnienie się od paliw kopalnych oraz ograniczenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych skłania do wykorzystywania odnawialnych źródeł energii. Celem badań jest ocena potencjału energetycznego biomasy roślinnej z produkcji rolnej i wskazanie możliwości jej wykorzystania do produkcji energii elektrycznej i ciepła. Do badań wykorzystano dane z Powszechnego Spisu Rolnego 2010. Na podstawie szczegółowej analizy zmian zachodzących w produkcji rolniczej w latach 2010-2015 dokonano aktualizacji danych. Przyjęto założenie, że zmiany w gminach zachodziły w taki sam sposób jak w województwach. Potencjał energetyczny biomasy roślinnej oszacowano uwzględniając: nadwyżki słomy, siana i plantacje roślin energetycznych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że Polska dysponuje energetycznym potencjałem biomasy roślinnej kształtującym się na poziomie 305,8 tys. TJ rocznie, który może być wykorzystany do celów energetycznych bez zagrożenia dla produkcji żywności.

The symptoms which were directly bound to the biochemical mode of action of an herbicide, other symptoms result from an indirect consequence of this action. The symptoms of herbicidal action deeply differed and that the climatic factors during the two first weeks after treatment could change definitely the result of the selective herbicide action. The repetitive observation of symptoms allows to inform the farmer about the tolerance or resistance of certain plant species, including the culture, for instance through the appearance of symptoms on the first leaves of the seedlings and their absence in the following leaves. As a whole, the accurate observation of herbicidal symptoms on plants is the essential, rapid and non-expensive analysis of treatment effectiveness at the field scale. The purpose of the current report is to describe the symptoms of a very complex herbicidal action, that of aclonifen involving two modes of action for the same molecule, approximately at the same concentration, and to compare these symptoms under field conditions and under controlled conditions, for a better understanding.

The article is devoted to studying the structural and dynamic changes in international trade in agricultural products in Ukraine. The authors reveal the theoretical essence of the international trade in agricultural trade, export and import conditions taking modern challenges into consideration. The assessment of foreign trade regime is given, the trends and impact of implementing the Agreement on association between Ukraine and the EU on the development of Ukraine’s foreign trade are established. It was established that, on the one hand, the export orientation of raw materials to the EU crop production market increased, on the other hand, high import dependence on prepared food products remains, the import structure being more diversified. The peculiarities of key directions of Ukraine’s agro-industrial market under martial law and its place in the global food security system are characterized. The article also studies the structure of Ukraine’s trading partners, which were revised from the beginning of the war. The peculiarities of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the international trade in agricultural products are analyzed. The ways of diversifying export and increasing profitability of foreign trade in agricultural products from Ukraine in the EU market are suggested.

Compulsory competition occurring in the world trade has led the enterprises to different marketing system. Marketing problems seems to be a problem in Turkey rather than agricultural production problems. In this aspect, marketing alternatives are sought. E-commerce is a system with more opportunities in agricultural marketing. Increasing the applicability of this system in Turkey will eliminate many problems associated with marketing in agriculture. With an active use of E-commerce in agricultural marketing, it provides convenience at marketing products of agro-related industries agencies and producers and all country will have a potential market position. In this study, possibilities offered by e-commerce to the agricultural sector, opportunities, threats, deficiencies and contributions to agricultural sector have been addressed. Without the limitations of place and time via the internet and computers, establishing national and international supply and demand balance of e-commerce seems to play important roles in maintaining an active and alive marketing. Furthermore, it is an important tool in reducing agricultural marketing problems.

Rossioglossum grande (Lindl.) Garay & G.C. Kenn is a Mexican native orchid threatened to extinguish according to the NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. in vitro asymbiotic germination is a conservation tool widely used for threatened orchids. Generate basic knowledge about in vitro response of R. grande was the object of the work, comparing seed germination in Knudson C medium (KC) versus Dalla Rosa y Laneri medium (DR), modified adding iron chelate and coconut water. We distinguished three different stages of culture: the sowing culture (CM) and two subcultivated culture (C1 and C2). Experimental design was totally aleatory. Anova, Tukey's test (p< 0.05) y Chi-square were used to analyze germination variables averages. After 60 days from sowing (CM), seedling was more developed, and in general it had more percentage of green and vital protocorms using DR medium. After 12 months without subcultivate, we assist at regeneration of protocorms in DR medium in a significant way. In the subcultivation C1 and C2 we test similar responses. We assume that use of iron chelate and coconut water improves the protocorms development and their regeneration of R. grande in in vitro conditions. | Rossioglossum grande (Lindl.) Garay & G.C. Kenn es una orquídea nativa mexicana, considerada en peligro de extinción por la NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. Teniendo en cuenta que la germinación asimbiótica in vitro es una herramienta estratégica para la conservación de orquídeas amenazadas, en este estudio se generó información básica mediante la comparación de la germinación de R. grande en medios Knudson C (KC) y Dalla Rosa y Laneri modificado con quelato de hierro y agua de coco (DR). Para el efecto se utilizaron un cultivo madre (CM) y dos subcultivos (C1 y C2) y los tratamientos se dispusieron en un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorio. Los resultados se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza y comparación de medias con la prueba de Tukey (P < 0.05) y Chi-cuadrada. A 60 días en el CM el medio de cultivo DR favoreció el desarrollo, la tasa de sobrevivencia y disminuyó la clorosis de los protocormos. A los 12 meses se presentó mayor desarrollo y mayor regeneración de protocormos. En los subcultivos C1 y C2 se registraron resultados similares lo que confirma que el DR acelera el desarrollo de los protocormos e incrementa su tamaño y tasa de regeneración. En síntesis, el empleo de hierro-quelato y agua de coco promueven el desarrollo in vitro de protocormos de R. grande.

Rossioglossum grande (Lindl.) Garay & G.C. Kenn is a Mexican native orchid threatened to extinguish according to the NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. In vitro asymbiotic germination is a conservation tool widely used for threatened orchids. Generate basic knowledge about in vitro response of R. grande was the object of the work, comparing seed germination in Knudson C medium (KC) versus Dalla Rosa y Laneri medium (DR), modified adding iron chelate and coconut water. We distinguished three different stages of culture: the sowing culture (CM) and two subcultivated culture (C1 and C2). Experimental design was totally aleatory. Anova, Tukey’s test (p≤ 0.05) y Chi-square were used to analyze germination variables averages. After 60 days from sowing (CM), seedling was more developed, and in general it had more percentage of green and vital protocorms using DR medium. After 12 months without subcultivate, we assist at regeneration of protocorms in DR medium in a significant way. In the subcultivation C1 and C2 we test similar responses. We assume that use of iron chelate and coconut water improves the protocorms development and their regeneration of R. grande in in vitro conditions. | Rossioglossum grande (Lindl.) Garay & G.C. Kenn es una orquídea nativa mexicana considerada en peli-gro de extinción por la NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. Teniendo en cuenta que la germinación asimbiótica in vitro es una herramienta estratégica para la conservación de orquídeas amenazadas, en este estudio se generó información básica mediante la comparación de la germinación de R. grande en medios Knudson C (KC) y Dalla Rosa y Laneri modificado con quelato de hierro y agua de coco (DR). Para el efecto se utili-zaron un cultivo madre (CM) y dos subcultivos (C1 y C2) y los tratamientos se dispusieron en un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorio. Los resultados se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza y comparación de medias con la prueba de Tukey (P ≤ 0.05) y Chi-cuadrada. A 60 días en el CM el medio de cultivo DR favoreció el desarrollo, la tasa de sobrevivencia y disminuyó la clorosis de los protocormos. A los 12 meses se presentó mayor desarrollo y mayor regeneración de protocormos. En los subcultivos C1 y C2 se registraron resultados similares lo que confirma que el DR acelera el desarrollo de los protocormos e incrementa su tamaño y tasa de regeneración. En síntesis, el empleo de hierro-quelato y agua de coco promueven el desarrollo in vitro de protocormos de R. grande.

Salmonella species are important foodborne pathogens that have been implicated in a number of foodborne outbreaks. A total of 240 beef and its related samples obtained from the Techiman Municipality of Ghana were screened using the conventional method in the Food and Drug Administration-Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM)-USA. The overall prevalence of Salmonella species was 57.08%. The prevalence of Salmonella species ranged from 33.30% to 75.00% in the meat and its related samples (table, knife and apron), and 6.30% to 93.80% at the various meat sale points (locations where meat is sold). Prevalence of Salmonella species was significantly higher in meat (75.00%), table (60.00%) and knife (60.00%), than apron (33.33%). The most contaminated meat sale point was Kenten and Main markets (93.75%) and the least contaminated sale point was Sansema junction (6.25%). All the Salmonella species were susceptible to ciprofloxacin but resistant to vancomycin. Intermediate resistances occur for all the antibiotics except ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. The Salmonella species also exhibited 23 antibiotic resistant patterns with the pattern EVa (erythromycin and vancomycin) being the commonest (exhibited by nine different isolates). Multiple antibiotic index (MAR index) ranged from 0.11 to 0.67. This study revealed that beef and its related samples in Techiman markets are contaminated with Salmonella.

Life cycle and habits studies of Neoleucinodes elegantalis  under laboratory and field conditions. The life cycle under laboratory conditions (24°C, 74% RH) were for the egg, larvae and pupae 5.86; 24.58 and 12.33 days respectively. Longevity was 6.83 days for the female and 4.00 days for the male. Larva showed five instars each one with a duration of 3.58; 3.33; 4.16, 4.45 and 8.70 days. Under field condition (2100 m, 17C, + 80% RH), larva stage reached  and average of 26 days. Oviposition in seven days reached an average at 93 eggs. Parthenogenesis was not observed. Natural enemies: Encyrtidae, possibly Copidosoma, parasiting egg and hatching in larvae at the last instar; 2.500 observed showed 1.6% parasitism Tachinidae 0.08% parasitism 527 pupae were observed showing 0.38% parasitism for Ichneumonidae. 400 pupae were observed showing 55% parasitism for Beauveria. Eggs laid on L. sculentum showed 81.93% parasitism for Trichogramma sp. | El cilo de vida de  N. elegantalis en condiciones de laboratorio (ICA-Palmira, 1006 msnm., 24°C y 74% HR) para los estados de huevo, larva y pupa fue de 5.8, 24.58, 12.33 días en promedio; la longevidad de la hembra y del macho fue de 6.83 y 4.00 días. La larva no se alimentó del corión y presentó cinco instares (5.58, 3.333,4.416,4.450 y 8.70 días). En condiciones de campo (pradera, 2.100 m, 17C y + 80% HR) solo se pudo determinar la duración del estado de larva (26 días en promedio). La oviposición en 7 días fue de 93 huevos; no se presentó  partenógenesis. Se encontraron los siguientes enemigos naturales: Encyrtidae, posiblemente Copidosoma sp, parásito de huevos que emerge en larvas de último instar; en 2.500 larvas evaluadas presentó un parasitismo de 1.6%. Un Tachinidae parasitó 0.08% de 2.500 larvas evaluadas. Un Ichneumonidae, parasitó 0.38% de 527 pupas evaluadas. Un entomopatógenos, posiblemente Beauveria, parasitó el 55% de 400 pupas evaluadas. Se registró Chrysopa predatando huevos. En posturas colocadas sobre tomate de mesa se evaluó un parasitismo del 81.93% por Trichograrnma spp.