This study aims to explore the relations between governance and agricultural performance of countries. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to find out agricultural performance of 81 countries at first stage. Panel data regression was employed in the second stage to assess the relations between performance levels of countries and their governance. Six governance indicators namely; voice and accountability, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and political stability and violence were analyzed in this stage. Findings show that firstly, governance indicators are highly correlated with each other. Secondly, developed countries are more efficient and have better governance than developing and undeveloped countries. Finally, a quadratic form of regression was the fitting model that is the marginal effects of good governance on performance are increasing in high values of governance.

There are various food-processing technologies with the aim of protecting foodstuffs from environmental factors and increasing their shelf life. One of these is encapsulation technology, which has recently been used with an increased interest. With the fluidized bed coating, which is one of the physical methods used for encapsulation, the solid core materials are fluidized via the air stream and a film layer is formed on the surface of the core material with the coating material. The applicability of the fluid bed coating technique, as well as particulate properties, is significantly influenced by process variables used in the system, environmental variables and thermodynamic factors. The release characteristics of capsules formed during the process can be changed by various mechanisms such as heating, dissolution, mechanical or chemical fracture etc. and controlled release can be achieved. The fluidized bed coating method not only has the advantage of controlled release but also provides a homogeneous powder product, reduction of fine particles, development of transport and storage facilities, protection of reactive components, and prevention unwanted taste and odour. In this study, researches on fluid bed coating mechanism, fluid bed coating systems and applications of fluid bed systems in the food industry have been reviewed.

Tüketicilerin tercihlerindeki değişikliklerle birlikte paketleme teknolojilerinde yenilikler ve gelişmeler meydana gelmiştir. Bu yeni gelişmelerin bir sonucu olarak sadece koruma fonksiyonuna sahip olan pasif paketleme tekniklerinin yerini gıda ürünlerinin muhafazasının yanında daha birçok fonksiyona sahip aktif ve akıllı paketleme teknolojileri almaya başlamıştır. Yenilikçi paketleme çeşitlerinden biri olan aktif paketlemenin kullanımı gıdaların raf ömrünü önemli oranlarda artırmaktadır. Ekmeklerin paketlemesinde de aktif paketleme uygulamaları kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada ekmekte kullanılan aktif paketleme uygulamaları özetlenmiştir.

Children's playgrounds which are safe and quiet environments that children can play there have started to become rare as a result of rapid urbanization. Because, the studies have shown that unplanned and distorted urban spaces affect children's behaviours, attitudes and reactions in a bad way. In this study, the availability of children's playgrounds in 22 districts of the city centre of Ordu was investigated. In this context, firstly, children's play areas were determined based on the neighbourhood scale and then area calculations were made and the amount of play area by per child between 0-14 years was calculated in each district. In the second stage, accessibility maps for children's playgrounds were obtained by determining the availability of the playgrounds at 200m distance. The results of this study showed that children's playgrounds are not balanced in the city, increased in some districts, in some cases they are not within reachability limits and can not meet their needs.

Fotoperiyodizm, mevsimlik çiçeklerde çiçeklenme zamanını kontrol etmek için kullanılabilecek bir özelliktir. Kadife, mutlak veya fakültatif kısa gün ve nötr gün çeşitleri içeren bir yazlık mevsimlik çiçek türüdür. Aşırı sıcak ve uzun günlerin yaşandığı yaz aylarında nötr gün çeşitlerinde bile çiçeklenmede gecikmeler yaşanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada iki farklı nötr gün kadife çeşidinde (Discovery Orange ve Discovery Yellow) fotoperyodik koşulların (kısa gün ve uzun gün) çiçeklenme ve bitki gelişimi özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Uzun gün koşulu (14 saat) olarak doğal gün uzunluğundan yararlanılmıştır. Kısa gün koşulu (8 saat) ise karartma yapılarak yapay olarak oluşturulmuştur. Bitkilerde ilk çiçek tomurcuğu oluşma süresi, ilk çiçek açma süresi, bitki taç yüksekliği, bitki taç genişliği, yan dal sayısı, çiçek sayısı, ana çiçek sapı uzunluğu, çiçek sapı kalınlığı, kök boğazı kalınlığı, gövde kalınlığı ve bitkisel kuru ağırlıklar (kök, yeşil aksam ve tüm bitki) incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda kısa gün koşulunun, ilk tomurcuk oluşma ve ilk çiçek açma sürelerini azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Yapay olarak yaratılan kısa gün koşulu, uzun gün koşuluna göre çiçeklenme süresinde ‘Discovery Orange’ çeşidinde 13 gün, ‘Discovery Yellow’ çeşidinde ise 5 günlük bir erkencilik sağlamıştır.

In this study, a survey and data assessment has been made to clarify the status of olive oil mills which operate in Turkey. According to the study, there have been around 1000 commercial olive oil mills that mostly small and medium-sized and about 1 million tons of olives at these mills have been processed in our country seasonally and total maximum capacity of the olive oil mills was estimated to be about 5 million tons of olive oil. The average capacity utilization rate of the sector is also around 20%. About 71% of olive oil mills have three-phase decanter, 27% of them have two-phase decanter and 2% are operated as press extraction process. On the other hand, 78% of three -phase decanters used in olive oil mills can easily convert to 2-phase systems without loss of capacity and efficiency, but only 2% of them cannot be convert to two-phase systems. Approximately 89% of the olive oil mills are stored the olive oil mill wastewater in the evaporation lagoons.

Pesticide uses in Kazova region of Tokat province were assessed in this study. Data were gathered through Simple Random Sampling method with questionnaires made with 72 agricultural enterprises. Resultant data were assessed through arithmetic means and percentiles. A factor analysis was also performed on producer opinions about pesticide use in tomato. Average enterprise size was 20.27 da and tomato is cultivated over 56.98% of these lands. Of the participant producers, 97.22% were not member of any associations or cooperatives. About 91.67% of the participant producers prefer chemical treatments. Producer usually use chemicals based on their previous experiences and recommendations of chemical-fertilizer dealers. Price is the dominant factor while selecting the chemicals to be sued. The dose prescribed by the dealer is generally used. Of the participant producers, 91.67% indicated that they didn’t know about the time to be passed between the last chemical treatment and the harvest; 44.44% don’t think that pesticides they use leaved residues over the products and 95.83% indicated that chemical treatments didn’t create environmental pollution. With the factor analysis, KMO value was calculated as 0.553 and 14 variables thought to be effective on producer opinions about agricultural chemical uses were gathered under 6 factors (toxicity, attention in treatments, human health, conscious production and consumption, environmental harm, hygiene).

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a green technology that have been used to treat several types of wastewater such as domestic, industrial, agricultural wastewaters and landfill leachate. CWs have several advantages included land intensive, low energy, easy operation and maintenance, low investment/operational costs, landscape esthetics, reuse of waters, and increased wildlife habitat compared to conventional systems. CWs are alternative treatment technologies due to these properties especially for rural settlements, industries, and hotels that are remote locations from central treatment plants. Physical, chemical, and biological treatment mechanisms can employ together in CWs. In the present study, two parallel full scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands were designed to treat domestic wastewater of Kızılcaören village in Samsun, Turkey. Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana were selected and the removal performance of each species were evaluated. During 7 months operation, the mean removal efficiencies of Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana were found as 33% and 32% for Mg2+; 62% and 55% for Fe2+; 64% and 56% for Fe3+; 46% and 37% for Cl2; 48% and 39% for total Cl2; 26% and 37% for Ca2+; 28% and 23% for SAA, respectively. Also, the Two-way ANOVA between groups was applied to determine any difference for the removal of all parameters between the plant types and months on the mean values of pollutants removal.

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid infrared technique to determine 10 key quality parameters (sucrose, glucose, fructose, reducing sugar, 5-HMF, °Brix, moisture content, water activity, pH and free acidity) in honey by using new generation portable and handheld devices. The composition of honey samples (n=59) collected from different parts of Turkey was analyzed by using established reference methods, giving wide range of concentrations for each parameter. The levels of sucrose and 5-HMF in some samples were above the established regulatory limits (Codex Alimentarius and European Union standards), indicating possible adulteration or process and storage abuse. Spectra were collected by using portable Fourier-Transformed infrared (FTIR) and handheld NIR (Near Infrared) spectrometers. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach was used to correlate the spectral features with compositional reference values, giving strong linear correlation coefficients and standard errors of prediction. Although both systems performed similarly, portable FTIR system was superior in predictions of sucrose, 5-HMF and free acidity while portable NIR system performed noticeably better for °Brix and moisture content. The data indicates that all of the 10 parameters can be measured within the minutes using both systems, providing reliable screening capabilities, flexibility and the potential for in-field applications.

Water which has become commodity product which is an important product today. Turkey is not a water rich country. In this study, agricultural enterprises in the field of Irrigation Project in Dinar Karakuyu which was implemented in 1992 by DSI. The study analysed which factors affect the willingness to pay additional irrigation water rate with the help of logit model and the irrigation knowledge of farmers was determined by Likert scale. Dinar Karakuyu irrigation network has begun to lose the function in the region. It was supposed 100% irrigation rate but decreased by approximately 9% today. In this context, DSI (General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works) plans to rehabilitation work in the same area. The main material of this study was data obtained from 67 agricultural enterprises through a survey covered by the Irrigation Rehabilitation Project in the province of Afyonkarahisar Karakuyu Dinar. The data was gathered with the help of questionnaires which were answered by farmers in Karakuyu Dinar region. The results indicated that 74.6% of farmers were willingness to pay additional water charge. The data were statistically analysed with the use of the logit model. The model results show that agricultural income, farmers’ educational level, computer ownership, attendance of agricultural training activities, family size and agricultural experience were positive factors affect farmers’ willingness to pay additional water fee.