Ekonomik bir dayandırma yöntemi olan kurutma; yaş ürünlerdeki serbest suyu uzaklaştırarak ürünlerde meydana gelebilecek biyokimyasal reaksiyonların yavaşlatılmasıdır. Dünya’da bandırılmış (potasalı) ve bandırılmamış (naturel) olmak üzere başlıca iki tip çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm üretilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 2015 yılında Alaşehir (Manisa) bölgesinde sultaniye üzümü yetiştirilen 6 farklı bağdan hasat döneminde yaş üzümler toplanmıştır. Bu üzümlerin bir kısmı potasalı ve naturel olarak kurutulmuştur. Hem yaş üzümlerde hem de iki farklı şekilde kurutulan kuru üzümlerde pestisit analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda her bağda en az 8 adet pestisit etken maddesi tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlardan iki tanesinin yaş üzümünde, üç tanesinin de kuru üzümünde MRL (Maximum Residue Limit, Maksimum kalıntı miktarı) değerlerini aşmış en az bir adet pestisit etken maddesi bulunmaktadır. Pestisit etken maddelerinin tamamına yakını üzümler kurutulduğu zaman konsantrasyonlarında artış göstermiştir. Ayrıca potasalı kurutulan kuru üzümlerde natural kurutulan kuru üzümlere kıyasla daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda pestisitler tespit edilmiştir.

2012 yılında yürürlüğe giren 6360 sayılı büyükşehir yasası ile büyükşehirlerde kır kent ayrımı gözetilmeyerek büyükşehir belediyelerinin hizmet götürme alanı il mülki sınırını kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmiştir. Böylece büyükşehir konumunda yer alan illerde tüzel kişiliğe sahip olan köy ve belde yerleşim yerlerinin tüzel kişilikleri kaldırılarak mahalleye dönüştürülmüştür. Durum böyle olunca bugüne kadar kentsel alana yönelik hizmet anlayışına sahip belediyelerin daha önce köy olan mahallelere belediye hizmetlerini götürmek, tarımsal alt yapı hizmetleri, hayvancılık yatırımları ve faaliyetlerini desteklemesi gibi yeni görev alanları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma ile 6360 sayılı büyükşehir yasasının kırsal yaşama olası etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Kocaeli ili Gölcük İlçesine bağlı Nüzhetiye köyü seçilmiştir. Yeni yasa ile artık Nüzhetiye mahallesi olan mahalle sakinlerine, yeni büyükşehir yasasından haberdar olup olmadıkları ve olumlu ya da olumsuz yönde etkilenip etkilenmedikleri sorulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Bu çalışmada organik (Sel-Plex®-2000, Alltech, USA) ve inorganik selenyum (Na2SeO3.5H2O - Sodyum selenite pentahydrate-FLUCA) ilaveli yem ile beslenen Oreochromis niloticus’un karaciğer antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri ve immün sistem parametreleri araştırılmıştır. Ortalama ağırlıkları 12,62 ± 0,11 g olan balıklar, 5 farklı uygulama grubu (Kontrol; Org1,5; Org3,0; İnorg1,5; İnorg3,0) olacak şekilde akvaryumlara yerleştirilmiş ve 75 gün beslenmişlerdir. Deneme süresi sonunda karaciğer katalaz (CAT), süperoksit dismutaz (SDO), glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px), lizozim (LYZ) ve miyeloperoksidaz (MPO) aktiviteleri ile malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyi ve kas selenyum seviyeleri belirlenmiştir. Karaciğer antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri ve immün sistem parametreleri Se gruplarında kontrol grubuna oranla artmıştır. Kas dokusu Se düzeyi Se ilaveli tüm gruplarda kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında göre önemli oranda artmıştır. 3mg/kg organik selenyumla beslenen balıklarda, kas selenyum seviyeleri diğer gruplara oranla daha yüksek bulunmuştur.

This paper provides a detailed overview of the current situation of the coffee sector in the Rwandan economy and identifies the possible challenges that the sector is currently facing. The study has identified the economic and the livelihood indicators for farmers who are engaged in coffee production and also gives the Rwandan coffee sector’ situation and its position in the global coffee market. Also, the research has found out that in Rwanda, nearly 500,000 farmers produce coffee along with other crops, notably beans, savory banana and corn and found out that in 2012, coffee accounted for almost 30 percent of Rwanda’s total export revenue. On the other hand, the study revealed that the sector throughout all the coffee production process, has undergone different challenges especially climate change as it is reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal resources. A low yield was reported in 2007 and climate variability was quoted among the causes. Insufficient rainfall in the last three months of 2006 (the period of coffee flowering) proceeding the short dry season in the first two months of 2007 was recorded. The reduced rainfall was also poorly distributed across coffee growing regions in Rwanda. In addition, the research revealed that even though the area under coffee production is increasing, the coffee production is decreasing due to unexpected climate change and variability in current years and also the improper use of chemical fertilizers by coffee farmers is very critical. The study concluded that adding value to the coffee supply chain of Rwanda is adding direct economic benefits and important indirect social benefits to the lives of individuals and to the health of communities in Rwanda. Moreover, more effort should continue to raise the profile of the Rwandan coffee sector suggesting that proper use of chemical fertilizers, solid marketing channels and climate change adaptations measures would be the fair ways of making the sector more profitable and considering national targets to increase coffee export revenues, a few simple measures to improve the performance of the sector could have substantial effects on the country’s economic growth.

This study focuses on empowering women both in peri-urban and rural areas through mushroom production. It was conducted in Kampala Metropolitan area-Uganda, during October 2016. It focused on estimating profits, conducting benefit-cost analysis/ratio (BCR) and return on investment (ROI), finding reasons as to why women involved in the mushroom production and identifying the constraints of mushroom farming from the perspective of women as well as the possible solutions to the constraints. 29 women were interviewed face to face through the use of the questionnaires. The study revealed an average net profit of 3,464.28 US dollars, BCR of 3.84 and ROI of 2.84 per farm in a period of three months. Our study revealed that mushroom production is a profitable enterprise for women. The major reason for women to involve in mushroom was to earn income. However, a range of other reasons was given such as fast maturity of mushrooms, availability of market, healthy benefits of mushrooms, etc. were the most important reasons. The problems faced by women farmers were ranked from the most pressing problem to the least pressing problem in this order; Low market prices per kilogram of mushroom, scarcity of cotton during some seasons, poor quality mushroom spawn supplied to farmers by breeders, inadequate extension, and advisory services were the most observed problems among others. The suggested solutions were organizing farmers into groups or cooperatives in order to negotiate for better markets locally and abroad together with the help of government, researchers to carry out more research on the suitability of other substrates like bagasse other than relying on only cotton, ensuring that mushroom spawn breeders conform to the set standards of quality spawn production and re-equipping local extension workers with knowledge regarding mushroom production among others.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean (ESB) by in situ (nylon bag) and in vitro enzymatic method and to develop an equation in order predict in situ degradability from in vitro values. In the study enzymatic technique; hydrolysis after 1 h (INV1) and after 24 h (INV24) by a purified protease extracted from Streptomyces griseus in a borate-phosphate buffer at pH 8 was used as in vitro method. Relationship between in situ effective protein degradability (INSE) and in vitro degradability after 1 and 24 hours incubations (INV1 and INV24) were determined. In situ protein degradability was measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 and at 72 h incubations in the rumen of 3 Holstein cows. In the study INSE, INV1 and INV24 were determined as 58.05, 20.24 and 41.46% respectively. Despite there were differences between in situ and in vitro protein degradability values, correlation coefficients between in situ and in vitro protein degradability of ESB were high and regression equations for estimation of in situ from in vitro were found significant. As conclusion in vitro enzymatic protein degradability (INV1 and INV24) can be used for estimation of in situ effective protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean.

In this study, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and oxidative stability of cherry seed (SCO), sweet cherry seed (SCSO), mulberry seed (MSO) and plum seed oil (PSO) were determined. Oleic acid was determined as primary fatty acid (42.9-67.3%), and followed by linoleic acid (23.4-41.8%) for SCO, SCSO and PSO. Linoleic acid was determined as primary fatty acid in MSO. γ-tocopherol was determined the main and highest tocopherol isomers varied from 579.9 to 605 mg/kg oil in SCO, SCSO and PSO, whereas δ-tocopherol was determined main tocopherol isomer with 1354mg/kg oil value in MSO. Plum seed oil (PSO) was the highest antioxidant activity values in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. There was no significant differences in lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) formation among SCO, SCSO and MSO. PSO had the highest induction period (15.1 h), followed by MSO (1.4 h), SCSO (1.5 h), SCO(1.3 h). PSO was oxidatively more stable than the other oil samples. This research shows that these waste seed oils have high antioxidant capacity and tocopherol content, so they could be used in food industry.

Araştırmada farklı sulama seviyeleri ve biyoaktivatör (ComCat) uygulamalarının ‘Rubygem’ çilek çeşidinde meyve kalite kriterleri üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada dört farklı sulama seviyesi incelenmiş olup, A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından ölçülen buharlaşma miktarının tamamı olan IR100 konusu, uygulanacak suyun yarısının verileceği konu IR50, %75’inin verileceği konu IR75 ve %125’inin verileceği konu IR125 olarak adlandırılmıştır. İlave olarak biyoaktivatör uygulamaları bitki dikiminden yaklaşık iki ay sonra 3’er hafta arayla 4 kez yapılmıştır. Biyoaktivatörün incelenen parametreler üzerine tek başına etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Sulama düzeylerindeki azalmayla meyvelerde özellikle tadı etkileyen SÇKM ve şeker/asit oranının önemli düzeyde arttığı görülmüştür. En yüksek SÇKM ve şeker/asit oranı %9,42 ve 21,7 değerleri ile IR50 konusundan elde edilmiştir. Buna karşın IR100 konusu dışındaki bütün uygulamalarda meyve ağırlığında önemli düzeyde azalmalar belirlenmiştir. Her ne kadar kısıtlı sulama meyve ağırlığında azalmaya neden olsa da son zamanlarda tüketicilerin yeme kalitesine verdikleri önem nedeniyle söz konusu rejimde meyvelerde artan şeker içeriği ile şeker/asit düzeyi çilek yetiştiricileri için önemli bir strateji olabilecektir. Bununla birlikte meyve ağırlığında azalmaya neden olmayan tam sulamanın biyoaktivatör ile birlikte uygulanmasıyla meyve tadının arttırılabileceği de belirlenmiştir.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of sun-dried Irish potato peel meal (SPPM) for maize in diets of broiler chickens. Five diets in which SPPM was replaced with 0 (0SPPM), 25 (25SPPM), 50 (50SPPM), 75 (75SPPM) and 100% (100SPPM) of maize in starter and finisher diets for a 8 week period using broiler chickens were examined. A total of 300 two weeks old broilers chicks Anak 2000 were randomly allotted to five experimental diets with six pen per treatment and 10 birds chicks per pen. Body weight and feed intake of broilers, and feed conversion ratio were determined at the beginning and 56th day of the experiment respectively. On day 56, four broilers from each pen were selected and slaughtered to determine some carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry. The result of growth performance showed that 100SPPM decreased daily weight gain of chickens when compared to other SPPM levels (P

Identification and multiple antibiotic resistances of amphicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline resistant gram-negative bacteria that isolated microorganisms from Gölbaşı and Azaplı lakes (Adiyaman) were investigated in this study. Seasonally taken isolates of totally 386 bacteria in 10 different species from 7 genera were scanned against 16 antibiotics [gentamycin, imipenem, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefpirome, ceftizoxime, cefuroxime, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Bioanalyse)] by using the disc diffusion method to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. Multiple antibiotic resistance of stations showed seasonal changes between 0.29 and 0.91. In generally, multiple antibiotic resistance in Golbasi and Azapli lakes were higher than the reference value and highest multiple antibiotic resistance values were obtained at summer season (3th period). When the obtained data are considered, high multiple antibiotic resistance poses a risk in terms of public health and for economically important animals.