This article aims to analyze the effects of climate change on food security and economic growth. In this context, the BRICS-T countries Brazil, China, Russia, India, South Africa, and Turkey are examined using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimates for long-run and short-run cointegration for the period 1991–2023. Climate change is measured by CO₂ emissions and precipitation. The findings indicate that increased rainfall improves food production in India, China, and Turkey, whereas for Brazil, South Africa, and Russia, precipitation has a negative impact on food production. However, the results in the short run demonstrate that CO₂ emissions have an insignificant effect on food production in BRICS-T. The long-run coefficient estimates indicate that precipitation has a negative effect on GDP. Whereas, CO₂ emissions are found to have a positive and statistically significant impact on GDP.

Son yıllarda nükleik asit ve PCR ürünlerinin saflaştırması için alternatif yöntemler geliştirilmektedir. Genellikle saflaştırma için kullanılan düşük maliyetli alternatif bir yöntem olan alkol ile çökeltme, sürekli olarak iyi kalitede veri sağlamak için yüksek derecede teknik profesyonellik gerektirmektedir. Affinite kromatografisi yöntemlerini kullanan tescilli kitler çok iyi sonuçlar vermekte ancak oldukça maliyetlidir. Bu yöntemlere alternatif olarak ortaya çıkan manyetik boncuk teknolojisi nükleik asit saflaştırma için yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Manyetik boncukların kullanımında hızlı, ucuz ve kolay uygulanabilirliğinden dolayı önemli bir artış olmuştur. Manyetik boncuk ile ayırım hızlıdır ve kullanıcı hatası için minimum potansiyele sahiptir. Bu makalede, manyetik bocuk yöntemi ile PCR ürünlerinin saflaştırması yapılıp Sanger sekans ile dizilenmiştir. Elde edilen sekans verileri BigDye Terminator enzimatik saflaştırma yönteminden elde edilen sekans verileri ile karşılaştırılmış ve manyetik boncuk kullanımının avantajları değerlendirilmiştir.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined dietary additives with commercial feed on broiler chicken production. The effects of individual dietary additives on broiler production have been extensively studied, but little is known about the combined effects of dietary additives with commercial feed. A total of 150 (day-old) Cobb-500 broiler chicks were reared under standard environmental conditions for a period of 42 days at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University poultry farm. The broiler chicks were divided into five groups like T0 (control); T1 (prebiotic and probiotic); T2 (enzymes); T3 (probiotic, prebiotic, and mineral mixture); and T4 (antibiotic). The rates of feed intake, live weight (LW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. The dressing percentage and weight of vital organs, such as the liver, heart, and spleen, were recorded. The data were recorded and analyzed. We found that feed intake (3890.44±9.38), live weight (LW) (3133.48±21.99), and dressing percentage (76.77±1.89) were higher in chickens in the experimental group compared with those of the control group. By contrast, FCR was relatively lower (1.21±0.01) in the chicken in the experimental group compared to the control group. We also found that combined feed additives increase the average weight of the liver, heart, and spleen, whereas there were no effects on the bursa of fabricius of the chicken. Overall, combined dietary supplements significantly improved broiler growth, feed efficiency, and carcass yield compared to individual supplements or control.

This study aims to determine the distribution and species diversity of macro-benthic invertebrates captured by bottom trawling at different depth layers in Yumurtalık Bight, a critical breeding and feeding ground for numerous species. Sampling was conducted monthly between September 2017 and August 2018 at depths of 0–10 m, 10–20 m, and 20–50 m. The lowest water temperature (15.9°C) was recorded at 0–10 m depth in January and the highest (30.13°C) at the same depth in July. Salinity ranged from 36.6 PSU in March to 39.4 PSU in October at 10–20 m depth. A total of 28 macro-benthic invertebrate taxa were identified, 20 at the species level and 8 at the phylum or class level. The majority of identified species belonged to the orders Decapoda (11 species), Stomatopoda (3 species), and Littorinimorpha (2 species). These species were classified into seven different phyla: Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, and Porifera. A significant proportion of the identified species were exotic, primarily of Indo-Pacific origin. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') varied by month and depth, peaking at 1.90 in March (20–50 m) and 1.82 in September (0–10 m). The Simpson Dominance Index (D) ranged from 0.19 to 1.0, while the Pielou Index (J') ranged between 0.5 and 0.9 from July to November, dropped sharply in December and January, and increased again from April to June. According to the Soyer Dominance Index, the most abundant species were Charybdis (Archias) longicollis (13.13%), Sepia officinalis (12.12%), Erugosquilla massavensis (11.62%), Loligo vulgaris (11.11%), and Penaeus semisulcatus (11.11%). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Simpson Dominance Index (D), and Pielou’s Evenness Index (J') showed no statistically significant differences across depths and months, indicating a generally homogeneous ecological structure in the Yumurtalık Bight.

The study examines the microbial and physicochemical properties of Hamsiköy rice pudding, comparing non-baked and baked samples. Microbiological analyses revealed notably higher counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), psychrophilic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in non-baked samples, with TAMB and LAB reaching 5.69 log cfu/g and 6.06 log cfu/g, respectively. Conversely, the baking process led to a decline in microbial load, as evidenced by the lower counts observed in the baked samples. additionally, chemical analyses revealed that the baked samples exhibited higher dry matter, fat, and protein content compared to the non-baked samples. Additionally, the cooked rice pudding samples had lower L* values, indicating a* darker colour. Despite some variations, the chemical properties observed in this study are generally consistent with those reported in previous studies. The study concludes that the baking process enhances the microbiological and physicochemical quality of Hamsiköy rice pudding, thus making it a a product with enhanced safety and quality. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), an indicator of heat treatment, was analyzed as well and was found to be higher in baked samples. Colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) revealed darker appearance in baked samples, aligning with consumer expectations for traditional Hamsiköy rice pudding.

Bu makalede, ülkenin genel sorunlarına, dönemsel olarak tarım ekonomisinin zorluklarına, yapısal sorunlara ve bunlar için genel olarak alınması gereken tedbir ve çözüm önerilerine değinilmiştir. Makalenin yöntemi, literatür taraması ile elde edilen bilgilerin değerlendirilmesi, tarihsel sürecin ortaya konulması ve geleceğin şekillendirilmesi için önerilerin sunulması şeklindedir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son dönemde iyice bozulan tarımına dayanan Türkiye tarımı, yapısal sorunlarını bugüne kadar taşımıştır. 2. Beş yıllık planla İttihat ve Terakki, piyasaya dönük üretim yapma teşvikiyle tarımsal ekonomik yapının şekillenmesinde belirleyici olmuştur. Atatürk ise ithal ikamesi bir tarımsal ekonomi politikasıyla tarıma dayalı sanayiyi geliştirmeye çalışmıştır. Arz fazlası ve eksikliği, talep yetersizlikleri, yüksek girdi maliyetleri ve sulama sistemi gibi zorluklar, dün olduğu gibi bugün de tarımsal üretim ve dolayısıyla ekonomiye zarar vermektedir. Bu zorluklara çözüm için, havza bazlı üretim planlaması, girdi maliyetlerini azaltıcı sübvansiyonlar ve sürdürülebilir su kullanımını sağlayacak nitelikteki modern sulama sistemlerinin kullanılması gerekmektedir. İmparatorluğun sonlarında başlayan arazi sahipliği dengesizliği bugün dahi etkisini göstermektedir. Toprak reformu niyetleri ise tarımsal alanların parçalanması riskini taşımaktadır. Ülkede bugün büyük işletmeler öne çıkmakta ise de kendine üretim yapan hane sayısı azımsanmayacak miktardadır. Girdi maliyetleri bu küçük işletmeleri zorlamakta ve tarımsal işgücünü azaltmaktadır. Bugün, özellikle üretim ve tarımsal faaliyetleri gerçekleştirdiği köyünden uzaklaşan üreticinin köye dönüşüyle ilgili teşvik politikalarına yönelinmesi, toplulaştırma faaliyetlerinin hızlandırılması, ithal ikamesi ürünler için girdi maliyetlerin düşürülerek yerli üreticiyi koruma politikalarının öne çıkarılması gerekmektedir.

Phytases are enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphate groups in phytic acid to release soluble phosphate. Among phytases, microbial phytases are preferred due to their high activity, low cost, and environmentally friendly properties. In this study, microbial phytases were obtained from Pseudomonas chlororaphis C37-A, Bacillus megaterium M-3, and Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16 isolates. The phytase enzymes were partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, and their optimum pH and temperature conditions were subsequently determined The most suitable ammonium sulfate precipitation range in the partial purification process was determined as 60-80% for isolate M-3 and 40-60% for isolates C37-A and A-16.The specific activities and purification folds of the enzymes in these precipitation ranges were measured as 34.28EU/mg and 3.94 for M-3, 27.25EU/mg and 1.91 for C37-A, and 23.24EU/mg and 2.11 for A-16, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular weights of the enzymes were approximately 45 kDa. When tested for enzymatic performance, phytase obtained from P. chlororaphis C37-A showed its highest activity at 50°C and pH 8.0, while B. megaterium M-3 showed the best activity at 50°C and pH 6.0. The enzyme obtained from A. radiobacter A-16 reached the highest activity at 30°C and pH 6.0. These findings suggest that the phytase enzyme from P. chlororaphis prefers slightly alkaline conditions, whereas phytases from B. megaterium and A. radiobacter function better in mildly acidic environments. Overall, the varying environmental tolerances of these isolates support their potential use in developing microbial biofertilizers, especially for soils that are poor in phosphorus.

Over the past decade, Africa has experienced the fastest-growing demand for rice globally, underscoring the crop’s significant economic and social importance. Despite this surge in demand, rice yields across the continent remain among the lowest compared to other major rice-producing regions, leading to a heavy reliance on imports. Enhancing rice productivity is therefore critical and can be achieved by optimizing key agronomic practices, such as planting density and seedling age. This study aims to identify the appropriate seedling age and optimal planting density for the NERICA 10 rice variety to maximize grain and straw yields while ensuring high net profitability. The experiment was conducted using a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Seedling age of 21 and 28 days after sowing (DAS) and planting density of 14.5, 20.0, and 25.6 hills/m2 were used as factors. Plant length, stem number, leaf color, heading date, paddy yield, yield components, and straw yield were measured. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and JMP (ver.14.0). The ANOVA result revealed that, there was no interaction effects between seeding age and planting density on growth, paddy yield and yield components, straw yield, and harvest index. However, seedling age had significant effect on plant length, stem number/m2 and headings; while planting density had a significant effect on the number of stems/m2, panicles/m2, and spikelets/panicle. Number of panicles/m2 had also a strong and significant relationship with paddy yield. In paddy yield estimated from yield components, the combination of 28-day-old seedlings with a planting density of 25.6 hills/m² (A2D3) had a 5.4% advantage over the combination of 21-day-old seedlings with a planting density of 20.0 hills/m² (A1D2). However, in Tsubo-Gari sampling, A1D2 outperformed in paddy and straw yield that reached up to 28.3% and 30.2%, respectively, and gave net benefit advantage between 978.35 to 2329.33 USD over alternatives. Applying A1D2 (20.0 hills/m2) decreased seedling cost/ha by 198.7 USD, increased milled rice by 0.98 ton/ha and net profit by 1982.05 USD over A2D3 (25.6 hills/m2). Therefore, A1D2 is recommended as the most effective treatment for optimizing both yield and profitability.

Storage pests are a significant factor contributing to rice crop losses, adversely affecting both the quantity and quality of stored rice. This study was carried out to assess the current status of storage insect pests, storage methods, and management practices in Fogera district, Ethiopia, during the 2022 cropping season. The assessment was conducted based on interviews, visiting the individual households, and collecting a representative sample of rice grains from each store among 200 randomly selected farmer households. Data on the socio-economic characteristics, storage structures, durations of rice storage, pest management practices, relative abundance, grain damage, weight loss, and germination percentage were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the study showed that rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), and angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) insect pests were found in the surveyed areas. Among these, rice weevil and lesser grain borer predominantly occurred, and the majority of the respondents perceived them as the most common and damaging pests of rice. Most farmers used traditional storage structures like Gota (32%), Shirfa (27%), polypropylene bags (25%), and fertilizer bags (12%) for storing rice, which were susceptible to insect pest infestations, resulting in 2.26% grain damage. Farmers applied various storage insect pest control methods, including physical, chemical, and cultural practices, with chemical (29%) being the most commonly used. They repeatedly use insecticides that pose risks to both the environment and human health. Therefore, the study recommended the adoption of improved storage technologies to protect grains from pests, minimize insecticide use, and preserve grain quality. Additionally, training on effective storage methods, pest management, and healthy rice preparation is essential. These findings serve as a foundation for developing sustainable pest management methods in the study area, ultimately improving food security and farmer livelihoods.

In this study, multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the relationships between egg albumen index and external egg quality traits in Atak-S hens. Egg albumen index was selected as the dependent variable, while egg weight, width, length, shape index, and Haugh unit were selected as independent variables. While the overall model fit was high in the multiple regression analysis, multicollinearity problem were identified among the independent variables. This could affect the model's predictive accuracy, and this problem must be resolved to obtain reliable results. For this purpose, Ridge and Principal Component Regression methods, frequently used in the literature, were applied. In the analyses, the models obtained using the variables used to estimate albumen index and external quality parameters were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05), and the goodness-of-fit coefficient of the models was determined to be R² = 0.88. It was determined that the Ridge regression method yielded slightly more stable results in terms of predictive power, but the Principal Component Regression method provided an advantage in terms of increasing interpretability. These results demonstrate that Ridge and Principal Component Regression methods are robust alternatives that can be used confidently in data structures containing multicollinearity. The findings demonstrate that these methods can be successfully used in poultry breeding and selection studies, yielding more reliable and accurate results. Furthermore, it is clear that these methods will contribute to the development of more effective and robust models in studies on egg quality and productivity.