In order to increase access to nutritious foods around the world, innovative technologies need to be developed and integrated into agricultural production systems. The new plant breeding techniques developed offer many advantages for making modifications in the plant genome. CRSPR/Cas9, one of the genome editing technologies, is an efficient system with high potential that allows the formation of target-oriented mutations in many agricultural products and allows the mutation of new and desired characters to be obtained through breeding programs without the use of foreign genetic elements. In this review, we have summarize the discovery, evalution, functionality, genome editing studies of plants and the strong potentials of CRSPR/Cas9 technology for plant breeding.

Colour is one of the major features that fascinate the customers and makes the foods more allurement. Due to changes of customer demands and countries’ legislations, usage of synthetic colorants is being decreased every day and food industry tends to use natural colorant. Algae have recently gained importance owing to a sustainable natural source of colorant. Algae can rapidly increase their biomass compared to plants thus they produce more pigments. This review covers the subjects about the functional properties and usage areas of natural colorants obtained from algae; phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, fucoxanthin.

Apple cultivation has been done in very large areas around the world. According to FAO, approximately 87.2 million tons of apples were produced in the world in 2019. Turkey has covered 3.6 million tons of this production and ranked third in the world. In this study, the two major apple production areas for Turkey, Isparta and Karaman annual operating results of the province apples' farms, were evaluated. Data acquired by interviewing from 132 farms selected with the stratified random sampling method constituted the study's primary material. Classical economic analysis approaches were used in determining the annual operating results of the farms. The farms' financial and economic profitability rates were 8.82% and 7.78% in Isparta province, respectively, while 7.25% and 6.15% in Karaman province. The research results showed that apple farms did not have rational capital distribution, their agricultural incomes were low, and their income varied by province.

The study aimed to identify the major challenges that affect the market information system, assess the possible mechanism that would increase their speculative and bargaining capacity power and to explore feasible information system solutions. Data were collected with structured questionnaire from104 farmers of different market using clustered sampling techniques. Descriptive research design and mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research approach vis-à-vis value chain approach is applied and developed an intermediary driven value chain model that links farmers to the market as a way to improve the unidirectional, selectively beneficiary traditional system. Using nine criteria on the multitude of alternative information delivery mechanisms for small holding farmers, Interactive Voice Response based system is found to be of highly effective. Restructuring the market information by bringing the most important wholesalers in to the system, enhancing the functionalities of the market by creating localized price data and creating demand forecasting platform by distinguishing crops that continuously face marketing problems are suggested as short-term action while, increasing economies of scale in production and distribution by consolidating farmers’ cooperatives, encouraging the development of third-party logistics, investing on the physical agro-logistics infrastructure to support long-distance, high-volume agricultural product transportation modes as well as increasing the refrigerated storage capacity at wholesale markets to nurture cold chain technologies are very crucial tasks in the long run.

Uzaktan algılama (UA) birçok farklı alanda kullanıldığı gibi tarımda da etkin bir biçimde kullanılmaktadır. UA tekniklerinden faydalanarak tarım alanlarında verim, bitki su tüketimi, bitki büyüme ve gelişme gibi özelliklerin tahmin edilmesi için geliştirilmiş birçok matematiksel model vardır. Bu çalışmada modellerden Normalize Edilmiş Vejetasyon Değişim İndeksi (NDVI) ve Toprak Yansımalarını Dikkate Alan Vejetasyon İndeksi (SAVI)’den yararlanılmıştır. NDVI ve SAVI uydu görüntülerinin yakın kızılötesi (NIR) ve kırmızı (RED) ışık dalga boyundaki bantlar kullanılarak hesaplanmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında 2018 ve 2019 yılına ait LANDSAT 8 uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak Tarım İşletme Genel Müdürlüğüne ait Sultansuyu Tarım İşletme Müdürlüğü’nün Yeniköy mevkiinde bulunan dairesel hareketli yağmurlama sulama (Center Pivot) sistemleri ile sulanan silajlık mısır üretim alanlarındaki değişim bitki gelişme dönemi boyunca analiz edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda uydu görüntülerinden elde edilen NDVI ve SAVI haritaları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen haritalardan ekimden hasada kadar geçen süre için bitki gelişim değişmeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre silajlık mısır bitkisinde bitki büyüme ve gelişmesi uydu görüntülerinin NIR ve RED bantları kullanılarak elde edilen NDVI ve SAVI bitki parametreleri ile takip edilebileceği belirlenmiştir.

The study was conducted to assess consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for different pepper varieties in Osun State, Nigeria. The study used the major pepper types – Capsicum chinenses (Rodo), C. annum (Tatase), C. frutescens (Sombo) and C. pubescens (Bawa), being sold in the markets in Osun State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 respondents. The primary data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study showed that consumers mostly preferred and were willing to pay more for C. chinenses (Rodo) than any other types of pepper. Household size, primary occupation, total household income, availability and meal-making ability of pepper were the factors that influenced consumers’ preference for the different varieties of pepper while the willingness to pay for pepper varieties by consumers was influenced by affordability, availability, taste and thickness. The study recommends that since availability and affordability influenced preference and willingness to pay for pepper varieties, policies should be aimed at increasing farmers’ production as this will ensure that pepper is readily available and affordable for consumers.

Land consolidation is a powerful and effective tool in solving the fragmentation problem of agricultural lands to form a larger, more rational and efficient land for the farmers. The benefits of land consolidation projects are providing access to parcels, efficient use of water resources, real location of parcels, and reducing the costs of irrigation and drainage projects. Although not sufficiently successful, the land consolidation projects in Turkey had been initiated in 1961. This study was aimed to measure and assess the knowledge, expectation and attitudes of farmers on the land consolidation project planned to be implemented for some villages in Artova District of Tokat Province, Turkey. The study was carried out in Taşpınar and Aşağı Güçlü villages which were included in the consolidation program. In these villages, 62 farmers were selected by proportional sampling method out of 175 producers registered in the Farmer Registration System (FRS) and, face to face questionnaires were carried out with them. The results indicated that the producers support the project primarily due to the convenience in irrigation and increasing the efficiency of mechanization. Chi-square analysis revealed that the problems caused by disadvantages of fragmented land structure, importance of land integrity and the experience on a previous consolidation project area are important for the producers supporting the land consolidation project.

This research has been carried out to determine the effects of the current misinformation (hormone, antibiotic, feed additives and growth of broiler chickens in a short period) on consumers' view of the poultry meat sector. The survey was conducted in Istanbul province which better reflects the socio-cultural and socio-economic structure of Turkey, and with different demographic structure of 384 people face to face survey method was applied. Questions were asked to determine whether antibiotics and hormones were used in the diet of broiler chickens, and consumers' perceptions, attitudes and behaviors about the reliability of chicken meat. According to the results of the study, 73.4% of the consumers stated that they did not know about the contents of broiler diets. A big majority of the consumers (88.3%) stated that they think hormone is used and 84.6% think antibiotics is used in the feeding of broiler chickens. 78.4% of consumers surveyed stated that they think that broiler chickens are not fed with healthy feed. Also, 70.6% of consumers stated that rapid growth was due to use of antibiotics and hormones. Although the use of hormones and antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry feeds is prohibited, consumers think that they are used as additives and broiler meat is not safe food. According to these results, creating a positive effect on the purchasing decisions of the consumers is important for the sustainability and future of the sector.

Son yıllarda gıda kaynakları dünya nüfusu ve ekolojik problemlerin artışına bağlı olarak büyük bir hızla tükenmektedir. Bu nedenle gıdaların üretilmesi kadar korunması ve dayanıklılığının geliştirilmesi de büyük önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle et ve balık ürünleri hassas gıdalar olduklarından uygun olmayan depolama koşulları altında çok çabuk bozulabilmektedir. Taze veya işlenmiş et ve balık ürünlerinde, depolama süresince biyokimyasal ve mikrobiyal bozulmaların bir sonucu olarak çeşitli kalite kayıpları meydana gelebilmektedir. Et ve balık ürünlerinde arzu edilen duyusal özelliklerin korunması, biyolojik, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik bozulmaların geciktirilmesi amacıyla kullanılan ambalajlama yöntemleri arasında ilgi çekici bir yaklaşım olarak yenilebilir film ve kaplama uygulamaları dikkat çekmektedir. Protein, lipit veya polisakkarit gibi doğal kaynaklardan elde edilen, çevre dostu ve biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir materyallerin kullanıldığı yenilebilir film ve kaplamalar düşük maliyetli ve kolay uygulanabilir olması nedeniyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca yenilebilir film ve kaplamalar antimikrobiyaller, antioksidanlar ve lezzet arttırıcı maddeler gibi aktif bileşenler için taşıyıcı olarak hareket edebilmektedir. Aktif bileşenleri içeren yenilebilir film ve kaplamalar, et ve balık ürünlerinin muhafaza edilmesi için uygundur. Söz konusu ambalajlama yöntemi nem kaybını engelleyerek, mikrobiyolojik bozulmaları geciktirerek ve patojen mikroorganizmaların üremesini kısıtlayarak, lipit, protein ve pigment oksidasyonunu yavaşlatarak ve ürünlerin duyusal özellikler açısından kabul edilebilirliğini uzatarak et ve balık ürünlerinin depolama süresini uzatmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu derlemede aktif bileşenler ile zenginleştirilmiş yenilebilir film ve kaplamaların et, balık ve türev ürünlerine uygulanması ve depolama süresince bu ürünlerde meydana gelebilecek mikrobiyal ve oksidatif bozulmalara ve duyusal kalite kayıplarına karşı gösterdiği koruyucu etki hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Green tea obtained from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze having potential health benefits. It contains significant amounts of antioxidant and is considered as world healthiest drink. Polyphenols in tea are thought to exhibits anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Green tea catechins acts as immune modulators in immune dysfunction and also play a role in protection from degenerative diseases. Intake of green tea catechins suppress high fat diet induced obesity, prevent lipid and glucose metabolism disorders and reduce risk of coronary heart disease. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a potential antioxidant that shows protective effects against photo toxicity and photo carcinogenesis. In vitro animal experiments have suggested that polyphenols in green tea protect from lung cancer by their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. This study chiefly highlights the convenience of green tea on health and propagates its further prospects.